The U.S. Bunker Buster: War Tool or Crisis Catalyst?

在近期緊張的中東局勢(shì)中，美國(guó)的軍事動(dòng)作備受矚目，尤其是其用于打擊地下目標(biāo)的鉆地彈，成為了輿論焦點(diǎn)。其中，GBU - 57 型鉆地彈更是因可能被用于針對(duì)伊朗核設(shè)施的行動(dòng)，而引發(fā)廣泛關(guān)注。

Amid the recent tense Middle East situation, U.S. military moves have drawn significant attention, especially its bunker buster bombs designed to strike underground targets, which have become the focus of public opinion. Among them, the GBU - 57 bunker buster has sparked widespread concern due to its potential use against Iran's nuclear facilities.

GBU - 57：重型武器中的 “巨無霸”

GBU - 57: The "Giant" in Heavy Weapons

GBU - 57 型鉆地彈堪稱重型武器中的 “巨無霸”。它長(zhǎng)度達(dá) 20 英尺，約合 6 米多，重量高達(dá) 30000 磅，換算過來約 13.6 噸，是世界上威力僅次于核武器的 “最大威力炸彈”，也正因能摧毀深埋地下的目標(biāo)，被形象地稱作 “地堡炸彈”。該型鉆地彈配備先進(jìn)的導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，能夠精準(zhǔn)鎖定目標(biāo)，并且可在穿透地面到達(dá)一定深度后再引爆，其可穿透的地下深度約 200 英尺，即約 61 米。目前，B - 2A 型隱形轟炸機(jī)是其主要搭載機(jī)型，一架 B - 2A 一次可攜帶兩枚 GBU - 57 型鉆地彈。

The GBU - 57 bunker buster is truly a "giant" among heavy weapons. It measures 20 feet in length, approximately 6 meters, and weighs a massive 30,000 pounds, about 13.6 tons. It is the "most powerful bomb" in the world after nuclear weapons and is vividly called the "bunker bomb" because it can destroy deeply buried targets. Equipped with an advanced navigation system, this bunker buster can accurately lock onto targets and detonate after penetrating the ground to a certain depth—capable of penetrating about 200 feet (approximately 61 meters) underground. Currently, the B - 2A stealth bomber is its main carrier, with each B - 2A able to carry two GBU - 57 bunker busters at a time.

研發(fā)背景與實(shí)戰(zhàn)邊緣

Development Background and the Brink of Actual Combat

研發(fā) GBU - 57A/B 巨型鉆地彈（MOP，GBU - 57 的一種型號(hào)）有著特殊背景。多項(xiàng)研究表明，普通轟炸地下核設(shè)施入口 “無法產(chǎn)生足夠爆炸壓力以摧毀整個(gè)設(shè)施”，只能短暫延緩核計(jì)劃進(jìn)展。于是，這種配備 6000 磅（約 3 噸）高爆炸藥，擁有 “極其厚實(shí)堅(jiān)硬” 外殼的炸彈應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，其能讓炸藥承受觸地時(shí)的沖擊力，并在穿透到預(yù)期深度后爆炸。該型炸彈于 2004 年首次測(cè)試，不過至今尚未在實(shí)戰(zhàn)中使用過。但在去年，美軍曾使用能搭載它的 B - 2 轟炸機(jī)打擊也門胡塞武裝的地下武器庫(kù)。

The development of the GBU - 57A/B Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP, a variant of GBU - 57) has a special background. Multiple studies have shown that ordinary bombing of underground nuclear facility entrances "cannot generate sufficient explosive pressure to destroy the entire facility," only temporarily delaying the nuclear program. Thus, this bomb with 6,000 pounds (about 3 tons) of high - explosive and an "extremely thick and hard" casing emerged. It allows the explosive to withstand the impact of hitting the ground and detonates after penetrating to the intended depth. The bomb was first tested in 2004 and has not been used in actual combat yet. However, last year, the U.S. military used B - 2 bombers capable of carrying it to strike the underground weapons depots of the Houthi armed forces in Yemen.

對(duì)伊朗福爾多核設(shè)施的打擊挑戰(zhàn)

Challenges of Striking Iran's Fordow Nuclear Facility

以伊朗的福爾多核設(shè)施為例，該設(shè)施位于地下 80 至 90 米處，且建在深 290 英尺（約 90 米）的山體內(nèi)部，還由多層混凝土加固。美國(guó)戰(zhàn)略與國(guó)際問題研究中心導(dǎo)彈防御項(xiàng)目負(fù)責(zé)人湯姆?卡拉科表示，一枚 GBU - 57 型鉆地彈可能產(chǎn)生的破壞力度有限。因?yàn)榻饘俨馁|(zhì)在穿透過程中會(huì)在某一時(shí)刻熔化，限制了其穿透深度。所以，要想摧毀福爾多核設(shè)施這樣堅(jiān)固的目標(biāo)，可能需要接連投放多枚，通過依次引爆，從某種程度上 “制造” 地震，來實(shí)現(xiàn)摧毀目的。

Take Iran's Fordow nuclear facility as an example. It is located 80 to 90 meters underground, built inside a mountain 290 feet (about 90 meters) deep, and reinforced with multiple layers of concrete. Tom Karako, head of the Missile Defense Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies, says that a single GBU - 57 bunker buster may have limited destructive power. This is because the metal material will melt at a certain point during penetration, restricting its penetration depth. Therefore, to destroy a fortified target like the Fordow nuclear facility, it may be necessary to drop multiple bombs in succession and detonate them sequentially to, in a sense, "create" an earthquake for destruction.

潛在后果：從化學(xué)毒性到生態(tài)災(zāi)難

Potential Consequences: From Chemical Toxicity to Ecological Disaster

一旦福爾多核設(shè)施遭到打擊，后果將不堪設(shè)想。清華大學(xué)安全科學(xué)學(xué)院助理教授、綜合應(yīng)急研究所副所長(zhǎng)張小樂指出，可能會(huì)帶來三方面嚴(yán)重后果。首先是化學(xué)毒性，福爾多可能存有大量具有極強(qiáng)腐蝕性的六氟化鈾，一旦泄漏并與空氣中的水分接觸，會(huì)迅速轉(zhuǎn)化為劇毒的氟化氫和鈾的氧化物，對(duì)周邊應(yīng)急人員和居民構(gòu)成急性中毒風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。其次是放射性危害，遭受打擊后可能引發(fā)爆炸或大規(guī)模火災(zāi)，形成微小放射性顆粒，被人體吸入后會(huì)導(dǎo)致肺部阿爾法粒子輻射傷害，增加癌變和慢性健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，尤其對(duì)下風(fēng)向數(shù)公里內(nèi)的兒童、老年人或慢性病患者威脅更大。再者是環(huán)境和農(nóng)業(yè)污染，放射性塵埃或氟化物降落到地面，會(huì)導(dǎo)致土壤和水體污染，進(jìn)入灌溉系統(tǒng)后干擾農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，且這種復(fù)合污染具有長(zhǎng)期殘留性和區(qū)域擴(kuò)散性，影響可能持續(xù)數(shù)年。

If the Fordow nuclear facility is struck, the consequences would be unthinkable. Zhang Xiaole, an assistant professor at Tsinghua University's School of Safety Science and Deputy Director of the Comprehensive Emergency Research Institute, points out that there may be three serious consequences. First is chemical toxicity. Fordow may store a large amount of highly corrosive uranium hexafluoride. Once leaked and in contact with moisture in the air, it will rapidly transform into highly toxic hydrogen fluoride and uranium oxides, posing an acute poisoning risk to surrounding emergency personnel and residents. Second is radioactive hazard. A strike could trigger explosions or large - scale fires, forming tiny radioactive particles. Inhalation of these particles can cause lung damage from alpha particle radiation, increasing the risk of cancer and chronic health problems, especially threatening children, the elderly, or people with chronic diseases within several kilometers downwind. Third is environmental and agricultural pollution. Radioactive dust or fluorides falling to the ground will cause soil and water pollution. Entering the irrigation system, they will disrupt the agricultural ecosystem. This composite pollution has long - term residual and regional diffusion characteristics, and its impact may last for years.

懸在中東上空的 “達(dá)摩克利斯之劍”

The "Sword of Damocles" Hovering over the Middle East

在當(dāng)前中東緊張局勢(shì)下，美國(guó)鉆地彈的潛在使用無疑是一把高懸的 “達(dá)摩克利斯之劍”。其不僅可能改變地區(qū)軍事平衡，引發(fā)更激烈的軍事對(duì)抗，還可能對(duì)地區(qū)乃至全球的安全、環(huán)境和經(jīng)濟(jì)秩序造成難以估量的沖擊。未來，這一戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)利器究竟會(huì)走向何方，是推動(dòng)局勢(shì)進(jìn)一步惡化，還是成為促使各方回歸談判桌的 “催化劑”，值得我們持續(xù)關(guān)注。

In the current tense situation in the Middle East, the potential use of U.S. bunker busters is undoubtedly a "Sword of Damocles" hanging high. It may not only alter the regional military balance and trigger more intense military confrontations but also cause incalculable impacts on regional and even global security, environmental, and economic orders. In the future, where this war 利器 (war tool) will go—whether it will push the situation further 惡化 (deteriorate) or become a "catalyst" to prompt all parties to return to the negotiating table—deserves our continued attention.