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今天是文化和自然遺產日，作為非遺大市、文物之邦的紹興，近年來，圍繞東亞文化之都，在文化的轉化創(chuàng)新和國際傳播上，有許多創(chuàng)新之舉、生動案例，激活“堯舜禹文化”便是其中之一。繼連續(xù)兩天的《堯舜禹遺跡圖向世界講述中華文明故事》、《循著“堯舜禹”足跡 探尋中華文明之源》引發(fā)全網關注后，再將2022年6月11日《中國日報》（英文版）刊發(fā)的《圣賢之聲 回響千年》轉載如下（翻譯），以賀2025文化和自然遺產日。下一步紹興將繼續(xù)從非物質文化遺產、國際人文交流等多個維度，深化對堯舜禹文化的研究、轉化和傳播。

《中國日報》2022年6月11日

In China, Dayu, or Yu the Great, is a household name and a character who figures prominently in the origin of Chinese civilization. He is credited with establishing the Xia Dynasty (c. 21st century-16th century BC), the start of China's dynastic rule. Even some toddlers can vividly tell his heroics of controlling the primordial floods that had once ravaged the lands.

在中國，大禹是一個家喻戶曉的名字，他也是一個在中華文明起源中扮演重要角色的人物。一般認為，正是大禹建立了夏王朝（約公元前21世紀至公元前16世紀），從此拉開了中國歷史上王朝統(tǒng)治的序幕。如果你去到中國，甚至是一些蹣跚學步的孩童都能繪聲繪色地講述這位圣人治理上古時期大洪水的豐功偉績。

Indeed, it is often said in historical records that "Around the Nine Regions, traces of Yu can be found everywhere, and temples commemorating Yu can be seen everywhere". Nine Regions is a term generally found in ancient Chinese history referring to Chinese territories and has since taken on the meaning of China.

的確，人們經常會說道：“蓋九州之中，禹之跡無弗在也，禹之廟亦無弗有也”——作為古代中國的一個地理區(qū)劃概念，“九州”早已成為“中國”的代名詞。

紹興會稽山

Now, with the publication of a map and its accompanying materials, including a book of copious notes and photos, a fuller picture of Yu's achievements is available, one that gives a deeper insight into his legacy.

而近期一幅地圖及其相關資料的出版發(fā)行讓人們更進一步地了解到大禹留給后世的遺產。這幅名為《中國禹跡圖》的成果由正圖、說明、表格、照片、資料匯編等五部分組成。

The map, covering 26 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, which is titled Zhongguo Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in China), documents 323 of more than 1,000 Yuji, or traces of Yu, across the country.

從全國1000余處禹跡中，精選26個省（自治區(qū)、直轄市）的323個點，分屬11個流域，詳細記述了“禹跡”。

"It is by no means a simple list," says Qiu Zhirong, one of the chief editors of the map and deputy head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society. "Rather, it is a serious academic exploration of a major Chinese historical and cultural phenomenon."

“這些禹跡點絕不是簡單地羅列，” 《中國禹跡圖》主編之一，中國水利學會水利史研究會副會長邱志榮表示。“它們是破解歷史文化大案一項重要的學術探究。”

立于會稽山麓的大禹像

First, Yuji, or traces of Yu, have been clearly defined. They include sacrificial activities, memorial buildings, inscriptions, ruins, historical records of his stories and folk tales, as well as place names and a few movable relics and intangible cultural heritage, among others, that are based on Yu's flood control and have survived to this day, researchers who have compiled the map say.

首先，《中國禹跡圖》對“禹跡”進行了清晰嚴格的界定。編制該圖的專家們表示，所謂禹跡，就是根據史料中有關大禹治水及其他活動足跡和傳說的記載，至今留存的有關大禹的祭祀活動、紀念建筑設施、地物表征、碑刻題刻、地名遺存物等不可移動的自然、歷史物質遺存、遺址、遺跡。

"Each entry has been rigorously selected," Qiu says. "Many scholars have started to visit and conduct field investigation on the 'traces of Yu' since the early 1990s, and their research has laid a solid foundation for the publication of the current map."

“這些禹跡點都是專家學者們經過精挑細選確定的，”邱志榮介紹到。“從20世紀90年代開始，就有多名學者開始了對各個禹跡的走訪、考證。這些研究都為編制和出版《中國禹跡圖》奠定了堅實的基礎。”

大禹陵牌坊

Using the map and supporting documents, readers can readily pinpoint the location of each point of Yuji and find out its name, category, origin, current status and in which historical documents it was first recorded.

利用該圖以及相關的輔助資料，讀者們可以快速方便地找到某個禹跡點所處的位置，找出它的名稱、所屬類別、現狀、起源年代以及出處等。

For a long time, Yu had been regarded by some as mythical, but more recent archaeological and historical findings have led to a revaluation of the historicity of him and his flood control. In the 1960s archaeological excavations at Erlitou in Yanshi, Henan province, an early Bronze Age site, turned up remains of palaces and ancestral temples that predated the Shang Dynasty (c. 16th century-11th century BC). The ruins of Wangchenggang, in Dengfeng, Henan province, excavated in the 1970s, are believed to be the capital established by Yu in about 2070 BC and recorded in pre-Qin (221-206 BC) literature.

一段時間以來，有些學者認為大禹只是傳說中的人物，而非真實的歷史存在。但是現代考古學和歷史學的一些新發(fā)現已經讓學界和公眾重新審視大禹以及大禹治水的歷史性。比如，20世紀60年代，在我國的河南省偃師二里頭考古發(fā)現了早于商朝（約公元前16世紀至公元前11世紀）的宮殿和宗廟遺存。再比如，20世紀70年代發(fā)掘出的河南省登封王城崗遺址，被認為是先秦文獻所載的禹都之陽城，約始建于公元前2070年。

紹興大禹陵景區(qū)內禹祠

Archaeological excavations have also confirmed that several regional civilizations existed along the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, as well as the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the Taihu Plain between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago.

同樣，考古發(fā)掘也證實了距今1萬至4000年的黃淮流域、長江中下游和太湖平原等地區(qū)已存在多個區(qū)域文明。

In fact, in the Song Dynasty (960-1279), an effort had already been made to draw the Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu). The one that had been engraved on a stele in 1136, and that now resides in the Forest of Stone Steles Museum in Xi'an, Shaanxi province, is one of the earliest extant national maps and among the most famous.

事實上，先賢們早在宋代時期（960-1279）就開始編制《禹跡圖》了。現存于陜西西安碑林博物館的一塊石碑上即存有《禹跡圖》，刻于1136年，被認為是世界上現存最早的、最杰出的國家地圖之一。

紹興大禹陵

The first attempts to make the current Zhongguo Yuji Tu were in 2017, when Qiu and his collaborators set out to compile the Shaoxing Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in the city of Shaoxing in Zhejiang province), which was published in 2018 and the following year was expanded to become the Zhejiang Yuji Tu (Map of Traces of Yu in Zhejiang province). It is no coincidence that Shaoxing was the focal point, for it was to this place that Qin Shihuang (259-210 BC), China's first emperor, traveled and performed sacrificial rituals for Yu the Great.

而《中國禹跡圖》的編制實則在2017年就已經開始了，當時邱志榮和一眾學者啟動了《紹興禹跡圖》的編制工作，并于2018年發(fā)布該圖。又經過了一年的努力，《紹興禹跡圖》又被進一步擴展，覆蓋了整個浙江省。2019年，《浙江禹跡圖》應運而生。紹興能夠成為禹跡圖的“核心”和“焦點”也絕非偶然，因為正是在紹興，中國的始皇帝秦始皇（前259-前210）“祭大禹”，開創(chuàng)了帝王祭禹之先河。

Shaoxing is also where Yu's mausoleum lies today and where the most widely heard story of his is said to have taken place.

紹興也是大禹長眠之地——大禹陵就坐落在紹興市越城區(qū)東南稽山門外會稽山麓；同時，紹興還是大禹最廣為流傳的故事的發(fā)生地之一。

《中國禹跡圖導讀》及紹興禹跡標識牌揭牌（2021年10月）

It is said that when Yu the Great went about taming the floods, he met a member of a local clan and they married. However, a few days later Yu had to leave home to continue fighting the scourge of floods. For the next 13 years he did not set foot in his home again, even though he went by it three times.

相傳大禹治水期間，在紹興遇到涂山氏女，兩人一見傾心，喜結連理。但是婚后沒有幾天，大禹就不得不繼續(xù)踏上治理洪水的征程中，一去就是13年。這13年里，因擔心治水進度，他曾經三過家門而不入。在此期間，大禹的妻子涂山氏女在家里日盼夜盼，天天盼望夫君平安歸來。

In this time, it is said, his wife, eagerly awaiting his return month in and month out, could not help but utter in increasing frustration,"Oh, I am waiting for him." This single line, some experts say, is the first poem composed by a female writer in China.

一天天、一月月、一年年過去了，涂山氏女望穿了秋水，還是不得見禹。據說她不禁嘆息，吟詠著“候人兮，猗！”有些學者認為，雖然僅是簡單的四個字，這卻是中國女性所做的第一首詩。

日本禹王遺跡分布圖

"Yu is a cultural totem of perseverance and struggle for the Chinese nation in the face of difficulties," says Tan Xuming, head of the Water History Committee of the Chinese Hydraulic Engineering Society.

“禹跡是中華民族面臨困境堅忍不拔，奮斗不息的文化圖騰，”中國水利學會水利史研究會會長譚徐明認為。

Over time Yuji, or the traces of Yu, have become an integral part of society and culture. "They are a moral symbol to encourage the Chinese people to bravely fight natural disasters and work together in times of trouble," Tan says. "Yu and his stories serve as a spiritual bond that has linked the Chinese people throughout history."

幾千年來，它們已經成為中國社會和文化的重要組成部分。“作為治水之神的禹跡，是鼓勵國人面對災害，公而忘私、同舟共濟，興水利除水害的道德標識，”譚徐明表示。“是凝聚中華民族的精神紐帶。”

They do more than connect Chinese people; they have a deep influence on other East Asian countries too, Japan and South Korea in particular, where many Yuji, or traces of Yu, can be found. For example, in Japan, more than 150 such traces have been documented.

大禹文化連接的不僅僅是中華民族，它對周邊的東亞國家，尤其是在日本和韓國民間也有著深遠的影響。比如數據顯示，日本目前就有150多處禹跡。

韓國禹王遺跡分布圖

With the publication of the Chinese version of the two maps of traces of Yu in Japan and South Korea on the same day as Zhongguo Yuji Tu, a map covering the whole of East Asia is expected to be published in the near future.

其實與《中國禹跡圖》同時發(fā)布的還有經過翻譯校正的《日本禹王遺跡分布圖》和《韓國禹王遺跡分布圖》。這也就意味著，《東亞禹跡圖》的框架已基本形成，將會在不遠的將來與大家見面。

"As in China, the stories of Yu have taken deep root among Japanese and Koreans," says He Junjie, director of the Shaoxing Municipal Bureau of Culture and Tourism. "The ancient sage helped with flood control during his time, and now he is helping strengthen cultural exchanges between different nations."

“就像在中國一樣，大禹文化在日本和韓國民間早已生根，”紹興市委宣傳部副部長、市文化廣電旅游局局長何俊杰說道。“這位上古圣賢在他那個時代不辭辛勞地治水，現如今他的寶貴文化遺產又在作為一個橋梁進一步推動亞洲文明之間的交流互鑒。”

責編：勾曉慶