【編者按】《哈佛企業史評論》（Business History Review）于2022年度共出版4期，前兩期已在網易號推出。本期推出第3期和第4期簡介，如存在翻譯等問題，歡迎批評指正。另為尊重知識產權，此類推介僅限于對原刊的一部分目錄、摘要的翻譯整理，以供中外學術交流及學習之用，如需轉載請查閱原文并注明出處，特此說明。

01第三期

Volume 96 - Issue 3 - Autumn 2022

《哈佛企業史評論》

1. Related Investing: Family Networks, Gender, and Shareholding in Antebellum New England Corporations

《關聯投資：戰前新英格蘭公司的家庭網絡、性別和持股》

作者：B. Zorina Khan

摘要：

Research into the organization of the firm typically contrasts family businesses with impersonal corporate structures, and kinship ties among corporate elites are often associated with inefficiency and corruption. This analysis of over 14,000 equity investors and executive officers finds that familial networks were embedded in early corporations, not just among directors but also among small shareholders in the firm. Related investing was especially prominent among women and other relatively disadvantaged groups. Personal ties in newer, riskier enterprises encouraged capital mobilization in emerging ventures and persistence in shareholding, and related investing was significantly associated with lower risk of corporate bank failures. The results support a more positive view of family networks in business organizations and in overall economic development.

對公司組織的研究通常將家族企業與非個人的公司結構進行對比，公司精英之間的親屬關系往往與低效率和腐敗有關。這項對超過14000名股票投資者和高管的分析發現，家族網絡嵌入在公司的初期階段，這種網絡不僅在董事之間，也在公司的小股東之間存在。相關投資在婦女和其他相對弱勢群體中尤為突出。在成立較晚、風險較高的企業中，個人關系促進了新興企業的資本流動和持股的長期性，關聯投資與股份銀行較低的倒閉風險密切相關。研究結果支持了一個這樣的觀點：在商業組織和整體經濟發展的過程中，家庭網絡的作用更為積極。

（福特家族）

2.The Rise and Fall of George Frederic Augustus II: The Central American, Caribbean, and Atlantic Life of a Miskitu King, 1805–1824

《喬治·弗雷德里克·奧古斯特二世的盛衰榮辱：一個米斯基圖國王的中美洲、加勒比和大西洋生活（1805–1824）》

作者：Damian Clavel

摘要：

Retracing closely the events of the life of George Frederic, king of the Miskitu (in present-day Honduras and Nicaragua) between 1816 and 1824, this article describes how this Miskitu actor sought to set up, by hiring British agents, the concrete realization of a Central American commercial and political independence project—understood here as a utopia. Although his project ended in failure, the actions of this little-known Miskitu king had repercussions in the Caribbean and beyond, even in the heart of the City of London. Concentrating on a marginal actor seldom considered by historians reveals how particular American Indigenous peoples sought to actively position themselves in the important commercial and political transformations affecting the Atlantic World in the first decades of the nineteenth century.

本文仔細回顧了1816年至1824年間米斯基圖（今洪都拉斯和尼加拉瓜）國王喬治·弗雷德里克（George Frederic）的生平，描述了這位米斯基圖人物如何試圖通過雇傭英國代理人，來具體實現一項中美洲的商業和政治獨立計劃（在這里被理解為烏托邦）。盡管他的計劃以失敗告終，但這位鮮為人知的米斯基圖國王的行為在加勒比地區乃至倫敦城的中心都產生了影響。聚焦于一個被歷史學家很少考慮的邊緣角色，揭示了在19世紀頭幾十年影響大西洋世界的重要商業和政治變革中，特定的美洲土著人民是如何積極尋求自身定位的。

3.Trademarks as “Global Merchants of Skill”: The Dynamics of the Japanese Match Industry, 1860s–1930s

《以“環球經商技能”為商標：日本火柴行業的動態（1860年代至1930年代）》

作者：Teresa da Silva Lopes, Shin Tomita

摘要：

The Japanese match industry is an early case of an industry that changed global market dynamics by building international competitiveness through combining low-cost and low-price strategies with product differentiation. This differentiation was achieved through the registration of trademarks for all matches exported, total quality control, and strong investments in graphic design to adapt brands and their imagery to different host markets and cultures. This study shows how trademark data provides alternative and complementary angles on particular economic phenomena—in this case, on how industries and countries build global competitiveness despite being technologically less developed.

日本火柴行業是通過將“低買低賣”策略與產品差異化相結合，來建立國際競爭力，從而改變全球市場動態的一個早期案例。這種差異化是通過對所有出口火柴的商標注冊、全面的質量控制和對圖案設計的大力投資來實現的，這些方法可以使品牌及其形象能夠適應不同東道國的市場和文化。這項研究展示了商標數據如何為特定的經濟現象提供替代和補充的視角，以及在這種情況下，相關產業和國家如何在技術欠發達的情況下建立全球競爭力。

（日本火柴商標）

4. Plan Calcul: France's National Information Technology Ambition and Instrument of National Independence

《卡爾庫爾計劃：法國的國家信息技術雄心和國家獨立工具》

作者：Laureen Kuo

摘要：

The history of Plan Calcul―France's first information technology program, launched by de Gaulle's government in 1966―has been well described in the literature; however, few studies investigate the arsenal system of the program in depth. Drawing from Plan Calcul's archives, this article is the first to demonstrate that, in the context of de Gaulle's Cold War foreign policy, the French government, initially aiming to avoid an arsenal system, still became the program's funding supplier, entrepreneur, and client. Plan Calcul aimed to establish an industrial-type operation but was ultimately reduced to a state information technology arsenal program.

戴高樂政府于1966年啟動了法國第一個信息技術項目：卡爾庫爾計劃。該計劃的歷史在文獻中得到了充分地描述；然而，很少有研究深入調查該計劃中的武器庫系統。本文從卡爾庫爾計劃的檔案中，首次論證了在戴高樂冷戰外交政策背景下，雖然法國政府最初的目標是避免建立一個武器庫系統，但它仍舊成為了該項目的資金供應者、創辦者和客戶。卡爾庫爾計劃旨在建立一種工業型的運營業務，但卻最終被簡化為一個國家信息技術武器庫項目。

（法國前總統戴高樂）

5. Why Do Unsuccessful Companies Survive? U.S. Airlines, Aircraft Leasing, and GE, 2000–2008

《為什么不成功的公司可以生存下來？美國航空公司、飛機租賃公司和通用電氣公司（2000—2008）》

作者：Gishan Dissanaike, Ranadeva Jayasekera, Geoff Meeks

摘要：

Warren Buffett famously commented that the U.S. airline industry had made zero profit in its first nine decades. Subsequently, between the millennium and the Great Financial Crisis the airlines in total lost almost $60 billion. Yet no major airline was liquidated or taken over in those nine years. Financial support was repeatedly provided by GE, the conglomerate supplier of leasing finance, engines, and servicing. The article offers a historical perspective on the factors behind this relationship between GE and airlines. It outlines the benefits or costs to GE, airline shareholders, and passengers; the relevance of the model for other industries; and implications for different notions of efficiency.

沃倫·巴菲特（Warren Buffet）曾經作過這樣的著名評論：美國航空產業在其前九十年的利潤為零。隨后，從千禧年到金融大危機期間，航空公司總共損失了將近600億美元。然而，在這九年中，沒有一家大型航空公司被清算或者接管。通用電氣公司在此期間多次提供金融支持，該公司是租賃融資、發動機和維修的綜合供應商。本文從歷史的角度分析了通用電氣公司和航空公司關系背后的因素。它不僅概述了通用電氣、航空公司股東和乘客的收益與成本；還概述了該模式與其他行業的聯系；以及不同效率概念的含義。

（美國通用電氣公司大樓）

02第四期

Volume 96 - Issue 4 - Winter 2022

《哈佛企業史評論》

1.Business Creation and Political Turmoil: Ireland versus Scotland before 1900

《企業創建與政治動蕩：1900年前愛爾蘭與蘇格蘭的對比》

作者：Robin J. C. Adams, Gareth Campbell, Christopher Coyle, John D. Turner

摘要：

What effect does political instability in the form of a potential secession from a political union have on business formation? Using newly collected data on business creation, we show that entrepreneurial activity in Ireland in the late nineteenth century was much lower than Scotland, and this divergence fluctuated over time. Several factors may have contributed to this, but we argue that political uncertainty about the prospect of a devolved government in Ireland played a role. The effects were most acute in the North of Ireland, the region that was most concerned by potential changes.

脫離潛在政治聯盟所引發的政權不穩定會對企業的形成產生什么影響? 我們利用新收集的企業創建數據，發現19世紀晚期愛爾蘭的創業行為遠低于蘇格蘭，而且這種差異隨著時間的推移而波動。可能有幾個因素促成了這一現象，但我們認為，愛爾蘭委任政府前景的政治不確定性在其中起到了一定的作用。北愛爾蘭所受影響最為嚴重，是與潛在變化關聯至極的地區。

（愛爾蘭與蘇格蘭地區）

2.The Unsung Activists: UK Shareholder Investigation Committees, 1888–1940

《無名的活動家:英國股東調查委員會（1888-1940）》

作者：Janette Rutterford, Leslie Hannah

摘要：

As companies became larger and shareholders more numerous in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Britain, the conventional wisdom is that the free-rider problem inhibited active shareholder participation. Discontented shareholders could sell in the market, but it was long before the takeover bid mechanism facilitated the removal of underperforming incumbent boards. We show, using a sample of fifty cases in the period from 1888 to 1940, that UK shareholders overcame the free-rider problem by using committees of investigation on a sufficiently large scale to present a credible threat to board malfeasance. Although there was more to corporate performance than corporate governance, this aspect of good governance plausibly contributed to London's precocity in divorcing ownership from control in domestic companies up to World War II.

隨著19世紀和20世紀初英國公司的規模越來越大，以及股東的越來越多，人們普遍認為搭便車問題阻礙了股東的積極參與。不滿的股東可以在市場上出售股票，但收購競價機制很早就促成了業績不佳的現任董事會的罷免。我們以1888年至1940年期間的50個案例為樣本，證明英國股東通過使用規模較大的調查委員會，對董事會的瀆職行為構成有效的限制，從而克服了搭便車問題。盡管公司業績比公司治理更重要，但良好治理這一方面的因素，似乎提前推動了倫敦在二戰前將國內公司的所有權與控制權進行分離。

（英國倫敦）

3.From Defensive to Transformative Business Diplomacy: The British South Africa Company and the End of Chartered Company Rule in Rhodesia, 1910–1925

《從防御性到變革性的商業外交:英國南非公司和特許公司統治在羅得西亞的終結（1910-1925）》

作者：Klas R?nnb?ck, Oskar Broberg

摘要：

Chartered companies were important tools of European colonialism, but also institutions with a political agenda of their own. In this study, we focus upon one key chartered company, the British South Africa Company, in particular the ending of its charter in 1923/24, in order to study the business diplomacy strategies employed by the company. We show how the company during the period under study moved from a reactive and defensive diplomacy strategy concerning its charter, to a proactive and transformative strategy. In this way, the company managed to renegotiate the terms under which it operated so that it eventually came to accept and even embrace the ending of chartered rule, rather than to oppose it.

特許公司不僅是歐洲殖民主義的重要工具，也是一個具有自己政治議程的機構。在這項研究中，我們將關注一家重要的特許公司，不列顛南非公司，特別是它在1923-1924年間結束特許的時期，以研究該公司所采用的商業外交策略。我們將從所研究的時段來證明該公司的特許章程，是如何從帶有被動和防御性的外交策略轉變為主動和變革的策略。通過這種方式，該公司設法重新商討了其經營條款，從而最終接受甚至支持特許統治的終結，而不是反對它。

（不列顛南非公司紋章）

4. Methodological Openness in Business History Research: Looking Afresh at the British Interwar Management Movement

《企業史研究方法的開放性:重新審視英國在兩次世界大戰之間的管理運動》

作者：Mairi Maclean, Gareth Shaw, Charles Harvey, Gary Stringer

摘要：

Much thought has been accorded to the evolving nature of business history. It is only relatively recently, however, that attempts have been made to articulate methodological issues in a more epistemologically explicit and reflexive fashion. This article contributes to this burgeoning agenda by examining the methodology underpinning an intensive archival study of the British interwar management movement (1918–1939), a major force in British management education between the wars. We explicate the methodology employed and question what this material tells us about the interwar management movement, in terms of its determination to modernize management, encourage openness between firms, and extend a new spirit of partnership. We show that the interwar management movement was characterized by organized cooperation and methodological openness. Our main contribution is to demonstrate that interpretations themselves can become entrenched and prone to inertia, inviting us to revisit these periodically and, if appropriate, recast them.

企業歷史的演變性質引起了許多思考。然而直到最近，人們才嘗試以一種更明確的認識論和自我反思的方式來闡明方法論問題。本文將為這一新興議題作出貢獻，采用的方法是通過深入研究檔案來考察英國戰時管理運動（1918–1939），該運動是兩次世界大戰之間英國管理教育的主要力量。我們闡釋了所采用的方法，并根據該運動有關現代化管理、鼓勵公司之間開放、以及擴展一種新型合作精神等方面的決心，來質疑這些有關兩戰之間管理運動的資料。我們認為，兩戰之間管理運動的特點是有組織的合作和原則上的開放。我們的主要貢獻是證明解釋本身可能變得根深蒂固，且容易產生惰性，這就要求我們定期重新審視這些解釋，并在適當時機重新定義它們。

5.Ownership Matters: French Governments and Automotive Industrialists Facing the Japanese Challenge, 1974–1986

《所有權問題：面對日本挑戰的法國政府和汽車實業家（1974-1986）》

作者：Alice Milor

摘要：

Between 1974 and 1986, the intervention of various French governments on both the right and the left—in addition to corporate maneuvering and increased focus on competitiveness and lean production—resulted in foreign direct investment, mergers, plant closures, and bankruptcies among struggling French automotive suppliers. This article will explore why these efforts were unsuccessful by revisiting the first Japanese attempts to enter the European automobile industry. It does so not only through the case of Nissan in the United Kingdom in 1984 but also through the essentially unfamiliar and contemporaneous example of French automotive suppliers.

1974年至1986年間，由于法國右翼和左翼政府的干預——加之企業操縱和對競爭力以及精益生產的日益關注——導致了正在掙扎的法國汽車供應商被外商直接投資，合并，以及工廠的停業和倒閉。本文將通過回顧日本首次嘗試進入歐洲汽車行業來探討這些行為失敗的原因。本文不僅運用了1984年英國的日產(Nissan)汽車案例，還運用了同時期基本不知名的法國汽車供應商案例。