36歲的何克林老家在青海省海南藏族自治州貴南縣。近日記者見到他時,他和同伴正在海南州共和縣鐵蓋鄉(xiāng)拉干村的一個治沙點進(jìn)行苗木種植。用高壓水鉆打好眼后,他們將青楊、烏柳等苗木種在草方格沙障中,同時撒播檸條、沙蒿等種子。
6月17日是世界防治荒漠化與干旱日。荒漠化對全球生態(tài)安全、消除貧窮、社會經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)定和可持續(xù)發(fā)展均有較大影響。
談起小時候和風(fēng)沙為伴的日子,何克林眉頭緊鎖。他的家鄉(xiāng)貴南縣是青海沙漠化土地分布較廣、沙化危害比較嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)。20世紀(jì)90年代,沙漠化土地面積達(dá)342萬畝,其中沙漠面積142萬畝,占全縣總面積的14.2%。沙漠每年以5至15米的速度向東南肆意擴(kuò)展蔓延,出現(xiàn)“沙逼人退”局面。
“小時候一到冬春季節(jié),風(fēng)沙過后,感覺天都是黑的,膽小的孩子都不敢獨自去學(xué)校。現(xiàn)在,持續(xù)治理扭轉(zhuǎn)了風(fēng)沙危害持續(xù)擴(kuò)大的局面。”何克林說。
位于青藏高原的青海平均海拔4058米,是長江、黃河和瀾滄江的發(fā)源地,素有“中華水塔”美譽(yù)。青海大部分省域為干旱和半干旱地區(qū),生態(tài)環(huán)境關(guān)系全國可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
記者從貴南縣了解到,從1996年單一的楊柳插桿到現(xiàn)如今的容器育苗、種子包衣種植,從礫石固沙、黏土沙障等單一的工程固沙到現(xiàn)如今“喬灌草結(jié)合、封造育并舉”的復(fù)合治沙,該縣森林覆蓋率由1996年前的2.6%提高到19.24%,治理沙化面積達(dá)195萬畝,40余萬畝沙漠得到有效治理。
青海省林業(yè)和草原局生態(tài)修復(fù)處處長馬建平介紹,打好“三北”工程攻堅戰(zhàn),青海仍面臨諸多客觀條件制約,例如青海沙化土地面積1.85億畝,占國土總面積的17.2%,點多、面廣、類型復(fù)雜。加之青海特殊高寒干旱氣候,“五月飛雪、九月霜凍”是常態(tài),每年施工期只有短短5個月,種草復(fù)綠的“窗口期”僅有2個月,給工程建設(shè)帶來挑戰(zhàn)。
據(jù)了解,針對特殊自然條件,林草部門科學(xué)選用固沙材料,種植耐寒耐旱抗風(fēng)沙種苗,努力提高治沙成效。此外,針對地方配套資金難題,財政部門明確省與市(州)縣8:2配套資金分擔(dān)比例,有效減輕基層財政壓力。2024年全省下達(dá)配套資金1.7億元,2025年已下達(dá)2.4億元,確保資金穩(wěn)定投入。
青海海南州共和縣沙珠玉鄉(xiāng)曾是一片風(fēng)沙肆虐的土地。沙珠玉是典型的高寒荒漠沙化地區(qū),素有“風(fēng)庫”之稱。20世紀(jì)50年代,全年8級以上大風(fēng)天氣達(dá)到60余天,“三刮四種”“一刮一挪窩”的現(xiàn)象屢見不鮮。
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經(jīng)過系統(tǒng)治理,沙珠玉鄉(xiāng)沙漠化土地面積從90%降到12.3%。“三北”工程啟動以來,沙珠玉通過“工程固沙+生物治沙+科技治沙”治理模式,在沙珠玉地區(qū)共營造防風(fēng)固沙林1.49萬畝,設(shè)置沙障4.8萬畝,建成1.05萬畝的治沙樣板示范區(qū)。
如今,海南州政府在沙珠玉鄉(xiāng)周邊的塔拉灘上建起世界上最大的集中式光伏發(fā)電園區(qū)。目前已建成2100畝生態(tài)光伏牧場,形成“板上發(fā)電、板下治沙”的生態(tài)治理模式,促使塔拉灘風(fēng)速降低50%、土壤水分蒸發(fā)量減少30%、植被蓋度恢復(fù)到80%。
曾經(jīng)黃沙滔滔的戈壁,如今變?yōu)椤肮夥蛸摹钡臉吠痢H~多家住共和縣鐵蓋鄉(xiāng)下合樂寺村,依托光伏園區(qū)這個新的“牧場”,該村村民改變了過去“逐水草而居”的放牧模式,光伏板下長大的“光伏羊”走俏市場。
青海省林業(yè)和草原局局長杜平貴說:“從柴達(dá)木的戈壁風(fēng)沙到共和盆地的流動沙丘,從黃河源頭的凍融荒漠到青海湖畔的碧波蕩漾,綠色長城在高原大地不斷延伸。我們正以‘一步一鎬刨綠洲’的堅韌,‘綠富同興’的執(zhí)念,書寫江源綠色答卷。”
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