最新的古DNA研究為哈爾濱古人類個體的群體歸屬和丹尼索瓦人群的較完整形態(tài)提供了關(guān)鍵線索。

1933 年，哈爾濱的一位建筑工人發(fā)現(xiàn)了一枚古人類頭骨化石，他意識到頭骨的不同尋常，沒有將其交給彼時占據(jù)東北的日本侵略者。而是將頭骨帶回家，藏匿在一口廢棄的井里，直至臨終他才向家人吐露這個秘密。2018 年，這枚保存完整的頭骨化石重見天日，發(fā)現(xiàn)者的家人將其捐贈到了河北地質(zhì)大學地球科學博物館。

這個頭骨化石是迄今為止發(fā)現(xiàn)的最完整的古人類化石之一，也是已知的最大的人屬頭骨化石，鈾系測年認定其不晚于14.6萬年。

2021 年 6 月，河北地質(zhì)大學、中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所的研究人員在The Innovation期刊連發(fā) 3 篇論文，認為這枚頭骨代表了一個全新的古人類支系，并將其命名為：“龍人”（Homo longi）。

然而，學術(shù)界對于將龍人確定為一個全新的古人類支系存在爭議，形態(tài)學研究揭示，其與青藏高原白石崖溶洞的丹尼索瓦人下頜骨存在顯著相似性，因此，一些古人類學著認為，龍人可能屬于丹尼索瓦人，但這一觀點缺乏直接的古 DNA 或古蛋白證據(jù)。

丹尼索瓦人是一支基于遺傳學信息發(fā)現(xiàn)的神秘的已滅絕古人類群體，現(xiàn)有古DNA和古蛋白證據(jù)將來源于丹尼索瓦洞穴、青藏高原白石崖溶洞以及臺灣澎湖海域等遺址點出土的牙齒、骨骼碎片及不完整下頜骨歸屬于丹尼索瓦人群，暗示他們可能曾廣泛分布在亞洲地區(qū)。

然而，目前的丹尼索瓦遺骸都較為殘破，缺乏較完整的形態(tài)特征，難以解析其與亞洲其他古人類群體之間的演化關(guān)系。解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵，在于獲取同時具有完整形態(tài)和遺傳學上確鑿的群體歸屬的化石，而“龍人”頭骨化石有希望提供這一突破性的證據(jù)。

而最新的古DNA研究為哈爾濱古人類個體的群體歸屬和丹尼索瓦人群的較完整形態(tài)提供了關(guān)鍵線索。

2025 年 6 月 18 日，中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所付巧妹團隊與河北地質(zhì)大學季強團隊及古 DNA 技術(shù)先驅(qū)、2022 年諾貝爾生理學或醫(yī)學獎得主Svante P??bo教授合作，在國際頂尖學術(shù)期刊Cell發(fā)表了題為：Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin cranium的研究論文，該研究通過古 DNA 技術(shù)為“龍人”的群體歸屬以及丹尼索瓦人的較完整形態(tài)提供了關(guān)鍵線索。

該研究通過優(yōu)化實驗提取方案和研發(fā)生信分析方法的創(chuàng)新，首次成功從“龍人”頭骨的牙結(jié)石中獲取到古老型人類古DNA。這是自丹尼索瓦人發(fā)現(xiàn)15年以來，首次用遺傳學證據(jù)將較完整的頭骨形態(tài)與丹尼索瓦人關(guān)聯(lián)起來，為丹尼索瓦人的研究提供了關(guān)鍵線索，加深了我們對東亞古人類多樣性及其演化歷史的理解。同時，從牙結(jié)石中成功提取宿主古DNA更為中更新世人類遺傳學研究開創(chuàng)了新途徑。

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來自近乎完整頭骨牙結(jié)石中的丹尼索瓦人線粒體DNA研究總結(jié)圖

目前，全球僅有4個10萬年以上的古人類遺址成功獲取到人骨古DNA數(shù)據(jù)，可見從哈爾濱古人類（龍人）化石樣本中獲取古DNA面臨著嚴峻的技術(shù)挑戰(zhàn)。在明確其牙齒和顳骨無古DNA的情況下，研究團隊另辟蹊徑，從牙結(jié)石中獲得中更新世的古DNA。牙結(jié)石特殊的礦化結(jié)構(gòu)，會在形成過程把宿主細胞、口腔微生物等包埋其中，相對封閉。

研究對兩份微量牙結(jié)石樣本（0.5mg和0.3mg）進行提取實驗優(yōu)化，將可能存在的提取液以及實驗過程的殘留物（硅膠膜和沉淀物）進行多方案提取，構(gòu)建了20個DNA文庫，從中篩選出7個含丹尼索瓦人特異性變異的文庫（均來自0.3mg樣本）用于下游分析。

通過自主開發(fā)的污染評估方法，識別出高達82%的現(xiàn)代人污染，后續(xù)分析僅嚴格選用具有古DNA降解特征的短片段數(shù)據(jù)（<60 bp）。同時，研究團隊自主開發(fā)的算法構(gòu)建了人類祖先型和丹尼索瓦人祖先型參考序列，以最大程度減小比對誤差和篩選出較準確的古DNA片段。

通過獲取的宿主線粒體DNA分析顯示，哈爾濱古人類個體屬于丹尼索瓦人分支，研發(fā)生信分析方法確定不同支系的關(guān)鍵位點，明確了其與西伯利亞丹尼索瓦洞穴早期個體更相關(guān)，而與晚期個體不同。結(jié)合這些個體的年代信息，丹尼索瓦洞穴早期個體的年代范圍分別是18.7 萬-21.7萬年，12.3 萬-19.4萬年和約19萬年前，晚期個體年代大約為5.2 萬-8.4萬年，而哈爾濱古人類個體的年代不晚于14.6萬年，與早期丹尼索瓦人的年代更接近。