當地時間5月4日，美國總統特朗普在社交媒體上發文稱，他授權美國商務部和美國貿易代表立即啟動程序，對所有在外國制作并進入美國的電影征收100%的關稅。

US President Donald Trump, in an evening post on his social media platform Truth Social, said he has instructed the Commerce Department and US Trade Representative to place a 100% tariff on films that are produced outside the United States and imported into America.

特朗普稱，美國電影業正在迅速消亡，好萊塢正在被美國電影人和電影公司赴海外工作的趨勢“摧毀”，他在文末用全大寫字母強調“我們要讓電影重新變成美國制造!”（"WE WANT MOVIES MADE IN AMERICA, AGAIN!"）。

據衛報分析，盡管特朗普這一舉措目前信息含糊不清，但它具有嚴重的后果，可能摧毀全球很大一部分電影產業。

Trump concluded his post with an all-caps "WE WANT MOVIES MADE IN AMERICA, AGAIN!" – the chaotic roll out of previous Trump tariffs has triggered feverish speculation, as well as defiance, in the film industry in exactly how this might play out. Vague and grandstanding as the US president's messaging may be, it has serious ramifications which could wipe out large sections of the film business.

衛報：打擊好萊塢“全球化制片模式”

據衛報分析，特朗普的這一政策的目標似乎并非外國電影本身，而是主要針對好萊塢長期以來的“全球化制片模式”。

幾十年來，好萊塢制片廠一直利用海外的制片廠和不同國家的拍攝場地來降低成本。比如《碟中諜8：最終清算》，該片大部分是在英國拍攝的，拍攝地點包括薩里郡的Longcross制片廠和湖區，但同時也在馬耳他、挪威和南非等國家和地區取景；漫威新作《雷霆特工隊》雖以亞特蘭大為主要拍攝地，卻將關鍵場景設置在吉隆坡地標建筑默迪卡118大廈，配樂更遠赴倫敦艾比路錄音室完成。

However, Trump's target does not appear to be foreign films per se, but rather the outsourcing of production by Hollywood studios who for decades have used overseas studios and locations to lower costs as well as take advantage of interesting or unusual backdrops. To take some random recent examples: the new Tom Cruise film Mission: Impossible – The Final Reckoning was mostly shot in the UK, at Longcross studios in Surrey and the Lake District, but also in Malta, Norway and South Africa. Marvel's new superhero blockbuster Thunderbolts was filmed in Atlanta Georgia, but a key scene took place at Merdeka 118, a skyscraper in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and its score was recorded at Abbey Road studios in London.

《碟中諜8：最終清算》海報

對于好萊塢來說，收入是重點考量的部分。雖然北美地區仍是好萊塢電影最大的單一市場，但2024年好萊塢北美區88億美元的票房收入與全球約211億美元的國際票房相比還有很大差距。正是為了獲得大部分的國際票房，好萊塢才形成了國際化模式：在特定的地點拍攝以吸引特定的觀眾，對電影進行全球范圍的巡回宣傳，在世界不同城市舉行大規模首映式等等。

Revenue plays a large role in Hollywood thinking. While North America (comprising the US and Canada) remains the biggest single market, with around $8.8 billion in box office takings in 2024, it is dwarfed by international income of around $21.1 billion. It is capturing a significant proportion of this that has geared Hollywood to its internationalist thinking, from shooting in locales and casting actors designed to appeal to specific audiences, to continent-hopping global roll-outs with large-scale premieres taking place in different cities across the world.

對電影征稅面臨根本性執行難題

據衛報分析，在流媒體主導的影視新時代，關稅政策面臨根本性執行難題。

人們首先會對征收關稅的標準提出疑問：什么樣的電影會被征收關稅？是否會包括流媒體發行的影片？實際上到底要對什么征稅？像《超能敢死隊：冰封之城》這樣一部美國制作、大部分在英國拍攝的電影是否會被征收進口稅？等等。

與此同時，如果一部電影在流媒體上播放，消費者支付的訂閱費用根本無法對應單部作品，那所謂的對“在外國制作”的電影征稅又該如何實現？衛報分析指出，針對某一部電影的流媒體收入征稅的想法毫無意義。

So the questions are being asked: what would make an individual movie incur tariffs? If it is released in cinemas (in which case expect a wholesale shift to streaming)? Would it include streaming releases (in which case a wholesale rebranding as "TV shows"?) And what would actually be taxed? Could an American-produced, (mostly) British-shot film such as Ghostbusters: Frozen Empire really incur import duty? Would distributors of non-American films have to pay a levy to release them in the US? In any case, if a film shows on streaming, consumers don't pay directly to watch it, but for a subscription to a platform, so the idea of targeting an individual film’s streaming revenue appears meaningless.

美國奈飛公司是一家會員訂閱制的流媒體播放平臺

衛報指出，英國電影協會（BFI）最近的數據顯示，2024年，英國電影和高端電視劇制作的經費中，有48億英鎊（63.7億美元）來自國際資金，占英國電影和電視劇制作總支出的86%，這些資金很可能會因為政策的影響撤離。

不僅對英國，這項關稅政策也會影響到美國國內的電影產業。沒有了海外稅收優惠注入的情況下，美國國內電影的制作成本會上升，中等規模的項目可能會被徹底取消。

The current thinking is that Trump's most realistic option is to levy a tariff on any financial packages a film receives from a foreign government, rather than tax cinema tickets or streaming subscriptions. However, the effect of any tariff is likely to be dramatic. Recent figures from the British Film Institute (BFI) show that in 2024 ￡4.8 billion ($6.37 billion) of production spend on film and high-end TV in the UK came from international sources, 86% of the total spent on film and TV made in Britain. And the effect on the domestic industry in the US is forecast to be adverse, as production costs rise without the injection of overseas tax incentives, with mid-level projects potentially wiped out.

但是，這一切是否只是一種如加利福尼亞州州長加文·紐森所說的 “轉移視線的手段”，還是會變成更具實質性的政策？震驚中的電影行業正在等待答案。

But whether, as California Governor Gavin Newsom suggests, this is all a "distraction", or if this announcement turns into something more solid, a shocked film industry is waiting to find out.

編輯：黎霈融

來源：衛報 央視新聞

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