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payday loans 這類公司,在北美很常見,說穿了就是小額高利貸公司,也有人叫它們貸款鯊魚(loan sharks),主要從事predatory lending。你要是在谷歌搜索payday loan,出來的頁面全是這些公司的廣告。
我們來看看它的定義A payday loan is a type of short-term borrowing where a lender will extend high-interest credit based on your income. Its principal is typically a portion of your next paycheck. Payday loans charge high interest rates for short-term immediate credit. They are also called cash advance loans or check advance loans.
注意其中的關鍵詞,short-term,high-interest
它的客戶主要以小額貸款為主,有統計表明,這個小額大約是500美元(加幣),由于這些貸款公司不看抵押,不需擔保,因此它charge你很高的利息(貌似也說得過去)。但是你看它開設的地方,都是低收入的區域,在富人區你是見不到它們的,別以為它們是夜晚的枕頭,寒冬的毛毯,它charge你的月利息可以高達60%!說它專挑窮人整錢一點都不夸張。The loans usually can be rolled over for additional finance charges, and many borrowers—as high as 80% of them—end up as repeat customers. 看到沒有,就那么點錢,你要是享用了payday loan的貸款,你就上癮了,80%的人會反復去貸,然后利息一路滾起走,基本上你這輩子就耗在這類債務上無法翻身。
你也許會問:這類公司合法嗎?當然合法,美國很多州都有usury laws (高利貸法),你沒看錯,高-利-貸-法!別忘了那里是資本主義,雖然這個資本主義跟老馬那個時候的資本主義不一樣了,可它也沒長成其他什么主義。民不舉,官不究,隨著民間對這類公司的質疑越來越大,在2016年,在奧巴馬政府時期才通過規范這類公司的法律Efforts to regulate payday lenders were proposed in 2016 under the Obama administration and put in place in 2017, when the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB), under then-Director Richard Cordray, passed rules to protect consumers from what Cordray referred to as “debt traps.” 而法律的執行是今年(2022) 年才啟動。
關于payday loan就講這么多,最后給出一個bottom line:
Payday loans are designed to cover short-term expenses, and they can be taken out without collateral or even a bank account. The catch is that these loans charge very high fees and interest rates.
Borrowers should beware of these loans. They may be considered predatory lending, as they have extremely high interest, don’t consider a borrower’s ability to repay, and have hidden provisions that charge borrowers added fees.
在The Ascent of money一書中,Niall Ferguson寫道,窮人之所以窮的主要原因,在于無法接觸到正規的金融機構(Poverty is much more to do with the lack of financial institutions)。在北美,你剛來的時候,信用卡是辦不到的(跟中國情況完全不同,阿貓阿狗都可以辦n多張信用卡),你必須通過獲取收入以及用debt card慢慢積累起信用來,才能辦到信用卡(當然,你一旦獲得辦卡的資格,銀行會追著你提高信用額度)。西方的金融邏輯就是一句話: “嫌貧愛富”。
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