扁水虱科 Serolidae 屬于節肢動物門軟甲綱等足目。雖然很像三葉蟲,但它們和三葉蟲實際上沒多少關系。扁水虱科共 22 屬 106種,但除 5 種(Heteroserolis carinata、H. tropica、H. mgrayi、Atlantoserolis agassizi、A. vemae)外,皆分布于南半球,許多種聚集于南極和亞南極區域。在那里,一些物種的密度極高,如生活于南極阿德米拉蒂灣(Admiralty Bay)6 米深的海底的 Paraserolis polita (Pfeffer, 1887),密度高達每平方米 274 個個體。扁水虱的生活深度范圍很大,從潮間帶至 5500 米深都有發現。
扁水虱僅有很弱的游泳能力,主要依靠步足尖在底質(主要是軟底質)上行走移動。它們不會挖洞,僅會令沉積物淺淺地覆蓋部分體表。扁水虱是肉食性動物,以各種小型無脊椎動物為食,南極的幼體還有同類相食的習性。
一些扁水虱物種對于溫度和鹽度變化非常敏感。例如,南極的 P. polita 的行動和覓食能力在溫度升高 5℃、鹽度降低 4 的環境中會受到極為嚴重的損害;而分布于巴拿馬運河太平洋入口附近潮間帶和淺海區域的 H. tropica (Glynn, 1976) 只會在有上升流的三天出現于 Naos 島的潮間帶,上升流會令當地海水溫度下降 4~5℃。
Brucerolis sp.
扁水虱幼體從卵黃獲取營養,沒有浮游幼體期。卵被存放在雌性的育兒袋中孵化,但是這并不絕對安全。例如,線蟲 Chromadorita ceratoserolis (Lorenzen, 1986) 就可以感染南極的 Ceratoserolis trilobitoides (Eights, 1833) 育兒袋中的卵。南極的扁水虱的卵在育兒袋中孵化的時間非常長,如 C. trilobitoides的卵需要 23 個月才能孵化,而 P. polita 的卵需要約 20 個月。卵袋中的卵并非同時孵化。從 C. trilobitoides 的第一個卵孵化到最后一批幼蟲出生,間隔大約 9 周,孵出的幼體會在育兒袋中停留幾周才離開母體,釋放幼體的過程需要 18~33 天。C. trilobitoides 一生只產一次卵,但 P. polita 可以多次產卵。
這種在無脊椎動物中最長的孵化時間之一的現象主要是低溫和食物因素導致的。雌性積累卵黃和幼體成長都需要大量營養,而南極溫暖的夏季會令浮游植物的數量顯著增多,進而導致扁水虱的食物如多毛綱幼體的數量大幅增加。雌性扁水虱利用這個機會快速補充營養。卵子 75% 的質量都在夏季積累,并于秋季被產于卵袋中。因此,如果扁水虱的卵不能在 8 個月內完成孵化,那么它們就必須再等一年才能讓海中的食物足夠幼體生長發育。
H. carinata (Lockington, 1877) 是扁水虱科中第一個被發現于北半球的物種,也是將近一個世紀中唯一已知的北半球扁水虱。它分布于太平洋南部加利福尼亞州海岸和下加利福尼亞州的淺水。直到 1966 年,人們才發現了第二種北半球扁水虱——分布于北大西洋喬治亞州沿海大陸架水深 33~44 米處的 H. mgrayi (Menzies & Frankenberg, 1966)。這兩個分別分布于太平洋和大西洋的物種擁有共同的祖先,直到被中美洲陸橋分隔并最終演化為兩個物種。而所有南極物種來自同一個南美洲祖先。該物種從南美擴散至南極,并在德雷克海峽分離南美洲與南極洲后逐漸演化出現存的南極扁水虱物種。位于大陸架上的南極扁水虱至少三次獨立向深海(2000 米以深)擴散并演化,造就了深海的 Acutiserolis 屬和主要生活于大陸架的 Ceratoserolis 屬的深海物種 C. meridionalis (Vanh?ffen, 1914),而其他深海扁水虱如 Caecoserolis 屬的其他物種、Atlantoserolis屬 和 Glabroserolis 屬的物種可能起源于南美洲大陸架物種的一次向深海的擴散。
這三個屬的深海扁水虱眼睛完全退化,而淺海的 Serolis 屬擁有大而凸起的眼睛,這使其眼睛盡管位于背部,但依舊能夠積極地改變它們的顏色。它們能夠根據照明條件和底質類型,甚至根據挖掘程度來改變它們的顏色模式。
Acutiserolis spinosa (Kussakin, 1967) / Angelika Brandt
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