研究結果表明,STING在ILC3s中的信號傳導具有“雙刃劍”效應,適度的STING信號能誘導免疫容忍并幫助ILC3s將腸道細菌的片段傳遞給Treg細胞從而抑制炎癥反應。
機體的腸道中居住著成千上萬種細菌和其它微生物,其默默支持著我們的消化、免疫、代謝等重要功能,然而,這些微生物是如何在人體免疫系統的“眼皮底下”安然生存的呢?這個問題一直困擾著科學家們。
近日,一篇發表在國際雜志Immunity上題為“ILC3s sense gut microbiota through STING to initiate immune tolerance”的研究報告中,來自威爾康奈爾醫學院等機構的科學家們通過研究揭示了一個驚人的答案,即這種免疫容忍依賴于一種古老的細菌感應蛋白—STING,而其通常被認為是炎癥的觸發器,這一意外發現可能為治療炎癥性腸病和其它涉及腸道炎癥的疾病帶來新的希望。
腸道菌群是人體內一個龐大而復雜的生態系統,據估計,人體腸道中約有100萬億個微生物,其種類多達數千種,這些微生物與人類的關系并非簡單的共生,而是深度參與了人體的許多生理過程,比如,其能幫助我們分解食物中的纖維素,并合成維生素K和某些B族維生素,還能調節免疫系統的功能。事實上,腸道菌群的平衡與否與許多疾病的發病機制密切相關,包括肥胖、糖尿病、自閉癥,以及炎癥性腸?。↖BD)等。
炎癥性腸病是一種慢性炎癥性腸道疾病,主要包括克羅恩病和潰瘍性結腸炎。據統計,全球范圍內IBD的發病率逐年上升,尤其是在發達國家,僅在美國就有超過300萬人患有IBD,且這一數字還在不斷增加;這種疾病的特征是腸道黏膜的反復炎癥,其會導致患者出現腹痛、腹瀉、營養不良等癥狀,嚴重影響患者的生活質量。目前,IBD的治療主要依賴于抗炎藥物和免疫抑制劑,但這些療法往往只能緩解癥狀,無法根治疾病,且長期使用可能帶來嚴重的副作用。
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STING蛋白是一種古老的微生物感應器,其廣泛存在于大多數動物中,通常被認為是一種促炎信號分子,能識別細菌產生的分子并激活免疫系統的炎癥反應。然而研究人員卻發現,STING在腸道免疫細胞中扮演著截然不同的角色,研究人員關注的是一種名為3型天然淋巴細胞(ILC3s)的免疫細胞,這些細胞主要分布在腸道黏膜層,其是維持腸道免疫平衡的關鍵角色。此前研究發現,ILC3s能通過向調節性T細胞(Treg細胞)呈遞腸道微生物的片段,從而誘導免疫系統對腸道細菌的容忍,然而這些ILC3s是如何感知腸道細菌的一直是個謎。在這項研究中,研究人員發現,STING是ILC3s感知腸道細菌的關鍵感應器。、
研究結果表明,STING在ILC3s中的信號傳導具有“雙刃劍”效應,適度的STING信號能誘導免疫容忍并幫助ILC3s將腸道細菌的片段傳遞給Treg細胞從而抑制炎癥反應。然而,當STING信號過強時,ILC3s會被過度激活并死亡從而導致免疫容忍的喪失,進而引發腸道炎癥。研究人員在小鼠模型中觀察到,當STING基因被敲除后,小鼠對腸道細菌引起的炎癥變得極為敏感。此外,在炎癥性腸病患者的腸道組織中也存在過度活躍的STING信號和ILC3s的耗竭現象。
本文研究的亮點在于科學家們揭示了STING蛋白在腸道免疫細胞中的獨特功能,STING不僅能感知腸道細菌還能通過調節ILC3s的活性,從而決定腸道免疫系統的“戰”與“和”,這一發現為治療炎癥性腸病提供了全新的靶點。研究人員推測,通過調節STING信號使其保持在誘導免疫容忍的水平,甚至補充丟失的ILC3s,有望成為治療腸道炎癥的有力策略。
此外,這項研究還解決了STING在腸道功能中存在爭議的問題,此前的研究結果不一致,有的認為STING具有抗炎作用,而有的則認為它會促進炎癥,而本文研究發現,STING信號的強度和環境背景是決定其功能的關鍵因素,這一發現為理解腸道免疫系統的復雜性提供了新的視角。(生物谷Bioon.com)
參考文獻:
Wenqing Zhou,Jordan Z. Zhou,Anees Ahmed,et al.ILC3s sense gut microbiota through STING to initiate immune tolerance, Immunity (2025). DOI:10.1016/j.immuni.2025.05.016.
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