在被注射到小鼠羊水中幾天后,這些人類類器官細(xì)胞開始滲入正在發(fā)育的胚胎并增殖,且僅限于這些細(xì)胞原本所屬的器官:腸道類器官進(jìn)入了腸道;肝臟類器官進(jìn)入了肝臟;大腦類器官進(jìn)入了大腦皮層區(qū)域。
2025 年 6 月 16 日,國際頂尖學(xué)術(shù)期刊Nature在其官網(wǎng)頭條報(bào)道了一項(xiàng)來自 MD 安德森癌癥中心沈西凌教授的研究——培育出了體內(nèi)器官中包含人類細(xì)胞的小鼠。
該研究使用了一種便捷且令人意外的方法實(shí)現(xiàn)這一點(diǎn)——將人類細(xì)胞(以類器官的形式)直接注射到懷孕小鼠的羊水中,這些類器官會(huì)進(jìn)入它們本應(yīng)所屬的器官中,從而讓小鼠幼崽的腸道、肝臟和大腦中出現(xiàn)了少量的人類細(xì)胞,并能夠穩(wěn)定存在。
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人-獸嵌合體是一個(gè)令人興奮但充滿挑戰(zhàn)的研究領(lǐng)域。研究人員通過誘導(dǎo)人類細(xì)胞在動(dòng)物胚胎中生長,從而得以研究人體組織的發(fā)育情況。該領(lǐng)域的長期目標(biāo)是在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)培育出可供移植的人類器官。
為了制造人-獸嵌合體,研究人員通常通過將人類干細(xì)胞注入另一個(gè)物種(例如豬、小鼠)的胚胎中,然后在體外培養(yǎng)這些胚胎。
近日,在中國香港舉行的2025 年國際干細(xì)胞研究學(xué)會(huì)年會(huì)(ISSCR 2025)上,中國科學(xué)院廣州生物醫(yī)藥與健康研究院賴良學(xué)研究員首次報(bào)道了在豬胚胎中培育出含有人類細(xì)胞的心臟,這些胚胎存活了 21 天,在此期間,胚胎中的小型心臟開始跳動(dòng)。Nature頭條報(bào)道了這項(xiàng)研究。
發(fā)育中的豬胚胎
但這種將人類干細(xì)胞注射到動(dòng)物胚胎的技術(shù)面臨著一些挑戰(zhàn)——存活下來的人類細(xì)胞數(shù)量不多,而且存活時(shí)間也不長。此外,注入的人類干細(xì)胞細(xì)胞具有多能性,這意味著它們理論上可以發(fā)育成體內(nèi)任何類型的細(xì)胞,因此,研究人員必須找到控制這一過程的方法。
德克薩斯大學(xué) MD 安德森癌癥中心的沈西凌教授致力于找到改進(jìn)方法,以確保更多的人類細(xì)胞在動(dòng)物體內(nèi)存活下來,并且能夠靶向特定器官。他認(rèn)為,如果在注射前讓人類細(xì)胞成熟為類器官,可能增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞的適應(yīng)能力,類器官更接近成熟組織的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,或許能提升人類細(xì)胞在動(dòng)物胚胎中的存活效率,并定向發(fā)育為特定器官。
沈西凌教授
沈西凌團(tuán)隊(duì)利用重編程的人類干細(xì)胞在培養(yǎng)皿中培育出了人類腸道類器官、人類肝臟類器官以及人類大腦類器官。然后,它們將這些人類類器官注入攜帶早期胚胎的雌性小鼠的羊水中,甚至在沒有破壞胚胎壁的情況下就將人類細(xì)胞引入了小鼠胚胎,這些雌性小鼠將胚胎孕育至足月。
發(fā)育中的小鼠胚胎
在被注射到小鼠羊水中幾天后,這些人類類器官細(xì)胞開始滲入正在發(fā)育的胚胎并增殖,且僅限于這些細(xì)胞原本所屬的器官:腸道類器官進(jìn)入了腸道;肝臟類器官進(jìn)入了肝臟;大腦類器官進(jìn)入了大腦皮層區(qū)域。
在這些小鼠幼崽出生一個(gè)月后,研究團(tuán)隊(duì)檢測顯示,約 10% 的小鼠腸道內(nèi)含有人類細(xì)胞,人類細(xì)胞約占其腸道細(xì)胞總量的1%,肝臟和大腦中的人類細(xì)胞比例更低。
沈西凌教授表示,總體成功率較低,團(tuán)隊(duì)正在尋求提高成功率的方法。已經(jīng)知道的是,這些小鼠器官中的人類細(xì)胞似乎在正常工作,例如,其中的人類肝細(xì)胞產(chǎn)生了人血清白蛋白,這是一種常見的肝臟蛋白質(zhì)。而且,這些人類細(xì)胞在小鼠出生兩個(gè)月后仍然存在,它們相當(dāng)穩(wěn)定。
在沈西凌教授報(bào)告這項(xiàng)研究后,參會(huì)的研究人員表示,把人類類器官注射到羊水中,就能進(jìn)入胚胎內(nèi)部并長期留存,從而制造出人-獸嵌合體,這一方法非常便捷,有望給該領(lǐng)域帶來顛覆性改變。
此前有一些研究人員對于將人類細(xì)胞引入其他動(dòng)物大腦提出過倫理方面的擔(dān)憂,擔(dān)心這有可能再造出類似人類的認(rèn)知能力。沈西凌教授表示,目前的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果顯示,人類細(xì)胞在小鼠大腦中所占比例還非常低,但如果將來能夠引入更多的人類細(xì)胞/組織,由此帶來的認(rèn)知能力可能真的會(huì)成為一個(gè)值得關(guān)注的問題。
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