【編者按】《企業(yè)與社會》（Enterprise & Society）是美國企業(yè)史學會（BHC）的官方出版物。該刊于1999年開始發(fā)行，一年四期，由劍橋大學出版社發(fā)行，致力于研究企業(yè)與政治、文化、制度、社會和經濟之間的關系。本期推出的是《企業(yè)與社會》2023年第1期，如存在翻譯等問題，歡迎批評指正。另為尊重知識產權，此類推介僅限于對原刊的一部分目錄、摘要的翻譯整理，以供中外學術交流及學習之用，如需轉載請查閱原文并注明出處，特此說明。

01本期論文基本信息

Volume 24- Issue 1 - March 2023

《企業(yè)與社會》

1.“Wholly an Australian Industry”? Establishing British Multinational Manufacture at the Bryant & May Empire Works, 1909–1914

《完全是一個澳大利亞產業(yè)？在“布萊恩特和梅”帝國工廠建立英國跨國制造業(yè)（1909-1914）》

作者：Emma Robertson, Charles Fahey

摘要：

The Bryant & May company is well known for its operations in Britain. Historians have paid less attention to the actions of the company overseas. The opening of a new Australian subsidiary factory in 1909 marked an early venture in multinational manufacturing within the British Empire. This article uses business records and newspapers from both the British and Australian archives to examine the day-to-day operations of this multinational, with a particular focus on the human dimension of the interactions between London and Melbourne. The Bryant & May case study reveals the evolving, sometimes tense, relationship between the “home” and “subsidiary” branches in the context of British imperialism and Australian federation in the years preceding World War I. Business, personal, and imperial relationships intertwined. While business historians have developed theoretical frameworks to understand why companies embark on multinational operations, work remains to be done on the longer-term operations of companies in particular political, social, and cultural contexts. We examine the building of the Empire Works match factory in Melbourne, the nature of transnational management, labor relations, and key production challenges up to the Interstate Commission of 1914. We reveal how Melbourne managers, sometimes against the inclinations of the London directors, were prepared to drive a hard bargain with local politicians and workers. Bryant & May successfully, and sometimes controversially, gained competitive advantage as a “l(fā)ocal” company with access to preferential tariffs. This placed the firm in an ideal position to prosper when international trade was disrupted during World War I.

“布萊恩特和梅”公司以其在英國的運營而聞名。歷史學家對該公司在海外的行動關注較少。1909年，一家新的澳大利亞子公司的開業(yè)標志著大英帝國內跨國制造業(yè)的早期風險投資的開始。本文使用來自英國和澳大利亞檔案館的商業(yè)記錄和報紙來研究這家跨國公司的日常運營，特別關注倫敦和墨爾本之間互動的人文層面。對“布萊恩特和梅”公司的案例研究揭示了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)前幾年英帝國主義和澳大利亞聯(lián)邦背景下“總公司”和“子公司”分支之間不斷發(fā)展的、有時緊張的關系。商業(yè)、個人、帝國關系糾纏在一起。雖然企業(yè)史學家已經建立了理論框架來理解公司為什么從事跨國業(yè)務，但在特定的政治、社會和文化背景下，公司的長期運營仍有很多工作要做。我們研究了帝國工廠墨爾本火柴廠的建設，跨國管理的性質，勞資關系以及1914年州際委員會之前的主要生產挑戰(zhàn)；并揭示了墨爾本的管理者，有時違背倫敦董事的意圖，準備與當?shù)卣秃凸と诉M行艱難的談判。“布萊恩特和梅”公司成功地（有時是有爭議地）獲得了競爭優(yōu)勢，作為一家“本地”公司，它獲得了優(yōu)惠關稅。這使公司在第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間國際貿易中斷時處于可以維持繁榮的理想位置。

（Bow 的 Bryant & May 工廠，于 1910 年重建）

2.The Birth of a Business Icon through Cultural Branding: Ferrari and the Prancing Horse, 1923–1947

《從文化品牌設計中誕生的商業(yè)標志: 法拉利與躍馬（1923–1947）》

作者：Paolo Aversa, Katrin Schreiter, Filippo Guerrini

摘要：

This article examines the origin of the “Prancing Horse” symbol and its role in helping the racing team Ferrari survive under the fascist regime in Italy. Enzo Ferrari, the company’s founder, adopted the coat of arms of Francesco Baracca, the most renowned Italian military aviator during World War I, as the logo of his new racing team. By repurposing it from military aviation to motorsport, he benefitted from powerful cultural associations and strong political and cultural endorsement of Baracca’s persona. Drawing from scholarship on cultural branding and consumer culture, this study shows how new companies can establish powerful business icons by borrowing symbols connected to populist worlds and national ideologies, and transferring them to various industries. Strategic repurposing thus emerges as a distinct process within cultural branding to obtain institutional support and establish powerful brand identities in challenging contexts.

本文探討了“躍馬”標志的起源及其在幫助法拉利賽車隊在意大利法西斯政權下生存中的作用。公司創(chuàng)始人恩佐·法拉利采用了第一次世界大戰(zhàn)期間最著名的意大利軍事飛行員弗朗西斯科·巴拉卡的徽章作為其新組建賽車隊的標志。通過把軍用航空的徽章轉用于賽車運動，強烈的文化聯(lián)系以及對巴拉卡人物形象在政治和文化方面的有效認同，使法拉利受益良多。本研究借鑒了文化品牌設計和消費文化的學術研究，展示了新公司如何借用有關平民領域和民族觀念的符號，轉移至不同行業(yè)，從而建立有影響力的商標。因此在具有挑戰(zhàn)性的背景下，戰(zhàn)略重新定位是文化品牌建設中獲得機構支持和建立強大品牌身份的一個獨特過程。

（躍馬創(chuàng)始人弗朗西斯科·巴拉卡）

3. Safe before Green! The Greening of Volvo Cars in the 1970s–1990s

《先安全后綠色！沃爾沃汽車的環(huán)保化(1970-1990)》

作者：Ann-Kristin Bergquist, Mattias N?sman

摘要：

Although the automobile industry has served as the backbone of much business history scholarship, business historians have paid little attention to this industry’s actions concerning the complex of environmental issues that took hold in the 1960s. Volvo represents a captivating case study to gain insight into why the automobile industry’s growth has been difficult to align with the shift toward environmental sustainability. Although Volvo pioneered the exhaust emission control technology on the U.S. market in the 1970s and gained an international reputation for high environmental and safety standards in the decades that followed, the company was unable to seriously address climate change in the 1990s. This article identifies several key factors impacting the automobile industry’s passive response to environmental challenges—for instance, weak and asymmetric emission control regulations on international markets, consumer preferences for larger cars (SUVs) in the 1990s, and a lack of systematic regulatory pressure to shift from fossil fuels and the internal combustion engine. In the case of Volvo, world leadership in safety standards, rather than low carbon emissions, constituted the company’s competitive advantage as climate change emerged as one of the most critical environmental issues in the 1990s.

盡管汽車工業(yè)一直是許多企業(yè)史研究的基礎，但企業(yè)史學家很少關注該行業(yè)在1960年代存在于復雜環(huán)境問題上的行動。沃爾沃提供了一個引人入勝的案例研究，以深入了解為什么汽車行業(yè)的增長難以與環(huán)境可持續(xù)性轉變保持一致。盡管沃爾沃在1970年代率先在美國市場上推出了廢氣排放控制技術，并在隨后的幾十年中在環(huán)境和安全標準上贏得了高度的國際贊譽，但該公司無法在1990年代有效應對氣候變化。本文列舉了影響汽車行業(yè)被動應對環(huán)境挑戰(zhàn)的幾個關鍵因素，例如，國際市場上薄弱和不對等的排放控制法規(guī)，1990年代消費者對大型汽車（SUV）的偏好，以及缺乏從監(jiān)管化石燃料和內燃機轉移而來的系統(tǒng)性壓力。就沃爾沃而言，隨著氣候變化成為1990年代最關鍵的環(huán)境問題之一，沃爾沃的競爭優(yōu)勢并不在于低碳排放，而是處于世界領先地位的安全標準。

（沃爾沃 244車型（1974 - 1993））

4. Making Managers in Latin America: The Emergence of Executive Education in Central America, Peru, and Colombia

《培養(yǎng)拉丁美洲的經理人員：中美洲、秘魯、哥倫比亞高管教育的興起》

作者：Rolv Petter Amdam, Carlos Dávila

摘要：

Executive education programs offered by business schools became a global phenomenon for developing top managers in the 1960s. These programs were established in more than 40 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America in less than two decades. This article explores the phenomenon in three different Latin American contexts: Central America, Peru, and Colombia. In all these cases, initiatives led to successful executive programs, which contributed to the growth of business schools that gradually achieved high international reputation. By studying the way that various U.S. actors interacted differently with local actors in the three cases, the article contributes to three discussions within business history: the history of Americanization, management education, and the alternative business history of emerging markets.

商學院提供的高管教育課程在1960年代成為培養(yǎng)高層經理人員的全球現(xiàn)象。不到二十年，這些課程已在歐洲、亞洲、非洲和拉丁美洲的40多個國家中建立起來。本文探討了中美洲、秘魯、哥倫比亞三種不同拉丁美洲環(huán)境下的現(xiàn)象：在所有這些案例中，主動性舉措造就了成功的高管課程，這有助于商學院的發(fā)展并逐漸獲得很高的國際聲譽。通過研究這三個案例中各類美國行為者與當?shù)匦袨檎叩牟煌臃绞剑兄谄髽I(yè)史上的三種探討：美國化的歷史、管理教育、新興市場的另類企業(yè)史。

5. The Booster, the Snitch, and the Bogus False Arrest Victim: Retailers and Shoplifters in Interwar America and Britain

《助推器、告密者和偽造的非法逮捕受害者：兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間美國和英國的零售商和商店扒手》

作者：Peter M. Scott

摘要：

This article examines shoplifting from department stores and variety chain stores in interwar America and Britain. Patterns of shoplifting show strong similarities—with stores facing a predominantly female, and disproportionately affluent, army of amateur shoplifters, together with a much smaller corps of professional thieves. The incidence and characteristics of shoplifting are explored, together with the stores’ legal and other strategies to deter shoplifters. The article also examines why apparently prosperous women had the highest propensity to shoplift. Britain and the United States had strong commonalities in terms of open display retail formats, the methods used to deter shoplifters, and typical legal penalties. However, America had one critical difference—the much higher incidence of a type of store criminal who specialized in deliberately getting apprehended in order to sue the store for false arrest and, often, false imprisonment, slander, and a range of related charges. This reflected the higher damages typically awarded by U.S. courts compared with their British counterparts, inflated by local antagonism to retail corporations, together with a system—at least in some U.S. cities—whereby corrupt lawyers and judges connived in shoplifting acquittals that paved the way for lawsuits.

本文考察了兩次世界大戰(zhàn)期間美國和英國的百貨公司和各種連鎖店的入店行竊事件。入店行竊的模式顯示出很強的相似性——商店面對的是以女性為主、而且相當富裕的、業(yè)余的商店扒手大軍以及規(guī)模較小的職業(yè)小偷。文章探討了入店行竊的發(fā)生率和特征，以及商店預防扒手的法律和其他策略。本文還研究了為什么看似富裕的女性最傾向于入店行竊。英國和美國在公開展示零售形式、阻止商店扒手的方法以及典型的法律處罰方面有著的共強烈的公性。然而，美國有一個關鍵的不同之處——發(fā)生率較高的一類罪犯是專門為起訴商店而故意被捕，他們通常以非法逮捕、非法監(jiān)禁、誹謗和一系列相關指控起訴商店。這反映了與英國法院相比，美國法院通常裁定更高的損害賠償。由于當?shù)厝藢α闶酃据^深的敵意，以及在美國一些城市，不少腐敗的律師和法官串通縱容入店行竊，這種制度為竊賊訴訟商店鋪平了道路。

（1920年代美國零售店）

6. Business Co-operatives in Australia: “Unlikely Soil for a Co-operative Movement”

作者：Greg Patmore, Nikola Balnave, Olivera Marjanovic

摘要：

While co-operatives are traditionally associated with workers, consumers, and farmers, the business model, with its emphasis on democracy and community, has also been adopted by small business owners, the self-employed, and professionals. These business co-operatives are distinct phenomenon, because they primarily consist of independent organizational entities that are not co-operatives and are generally in direct competition with one another. They are unique in that they bring together separate organizations that seek to combat market threats while adopting a philosophy based on co-operative principles. This article begins with an overview of the Australian co-operative landscape. It then defines the concept of business co-operatives and then draws upon the Visual Atlas of Australian Co-operatives History Project, which has developed a large database of Australian co-operatives over time and space, to examine the development of business co-operatives in Australia. It looks at where business co-operatives formed in the economy, the motivation underlying their formation, their average life spans, and their relationships with the broader co-operative movement. The article highlights the value of business co-operatives in introducing the values of participatory democracy and working for the common good into unanticipated markets and reinforcing the co-operative movement.

雖然合作社傳統(tǒng)上與工人、消費者和農民聯(lián)系在一起，但強調民主和社區(qū)的商業(yè)模式也被小企業(yè)主、個體經營者和專業(yè)人士所采用。這些商業(yè)合作社是獨特的現(xiàn)象，因為它們主要由獨立的組織實體組成，這些實體不是合作社，并且通常彼此直接競爭。它們的獨特之處在于匯集了尋求應對市場威脅的獨立組織，同時采用基于合作原則的理念。本文首先概述了澳大利亞的合作社格局。然后，定義了商業(yè)合作社的概念，并借鑒了澳大利亞合作社歷史項目的視覺地圖集，該項目在時間和空間上建立了一個大型澳大利亞合作社數(shù)據(jù)庫，以研究澳大利亞商業(yè)合作社的發(fā)展。它著眼于商業(yè)合作社在經濟中形成的位置、其形成的動因、它們的平均壽命以及它們與較為廣泛的合作社運動的關系。這篇文章強調了商業(yè)合作社的價值在于將參與式民主觀和團體利益工作觀引入變幻莫測的市場之中，及其對合作社運動的強化作用。

7. Patent Law and the Materiality of Inventions in the California Oil Industry: The Story of Halliburton v. Walker, 1935–1946

《專利法和加利福尼亞州石油工業(yè)發(fā)明的實用性：哈里伯頓訴沃克案（1935–1946）》

作者：Gerardo Con Díaz

摘要：

This article examines a patenting conflict between the Halliburton Oil Well and Cementing Company and an independent inventor named Cranford Walker. It argues that Halliburton’s effort to lower the barriers to entry into the oil well depth measurement industry facilitated the re-emergence of materiality as a pre-condition for the patent eligibility of inventive processes. In 1941, Walker sued Halliburton for infringement of three of his patents, and Halliburton responded with an aggressive defense aimed at invalidating them. Over the next five years, the courts handling this conflict adopted very narrow legal theories developed during the Second Industrial Revolution to assess the patent eligibility of inventions that involved mental steps—processes such as mathematical computations, which people can perform in their minds. The resulting legal precedent cleared the path for Halliburton’s short-term industrial goals and continued to shape patent law for the rest of the century.

本文探討了哈里伯頓油井和水泥公司與一位名叫克蘭福德·沃克的獨立發(fā)明家之間的專利沖突。文章認為，哈里伯頓努力降低進入油井深度測量行業(yè)的門檻，使得實用性重新成為發(fā)明工藝獲得專利資格的先決條件。1941年，沃克起訴哈里伯頓侵犯了他的三項專利，哈里伯頓以積極的辯護作為回應，旨在使這些專利失效。在接下來的五年里，處理這一沖突的法院采用了發(fā)展于第二次工業(yè)革命期間非常狹隘的法律理論，來評估涉及智力行為的發(fā)明專利資格——比如人們可以在頭腦中進行的數(shù)學計算過程。由此產生的法律先例為哈里伯頓的短期工業(yè)目標掃清了道路，并在本世紀余下的時間里繼續(xù)完善專利法。

（創(chuàng)始人Erle P. Halliburton）

8. Repurposing Institutions: Trust Offices and the Dutch Financial System, 1690s–2000s

《重新調整用途的機構：信托辦公室與荷蘭金融體系（1690-2000）》

作者：Abe De Jong, Joost Jonker, Ailsa R?ell, Gerarda Westerhuis

摘要：

Since the late seventeenth century, trust offices (administratiekantoren) that repackage securities have been a central institution in Dutch finance. Their basic form and functioning have remained largely the same, but over time, the repackaging has come to serve different purposes. Originally set up for administrative convenience, they helped to create liquidity, notably for foreign securities. From the 1930s, their primary purpose became to shield directors of large corporations from shareholder influence and hostile takeover threats. Subsequently, the trust offices evolved from general-purpose administrative units into dedicated foundations closely tied to individual companies and increasingly popular with foreign corporations as cheap anti-takeover devices. Their reincarnation as foundations also turned them into vehicles for the tax-efficient routing of international revenue flows via the Netherlands.

自十七世紀末以來，對證券進行改造的信托辦公室一直是荷蘭金融的中心機構。它們的基本形式和功能基本保持不變，但隨著時間的推移，重新改造已經用來服務于不同的目的。它們最初是為了行政便利而設立的，有助于創(chuàng)造流動性，特別是對外國證券的流動性。從1930年代開始，他們的主要目的變成了保護大公司的董事免受股東影響和敵意收購威脅。隨后，信托辦公室從通用行政單位演變?yōu)榕c個別公司緊密相連的專用基金會，并作為廉價的反收購工具越來越受到外國公司的歡迎。它們作為基金會的化身，也使它們成為通過荷蘭實現(xiàn)國際收入流動的高效避稅工具。

9. The Financial Crisis on Trial: What Went Wrong

《審判金融危機：出了什么問題》

作者：John H. Sturc

摘要：

Americans demanded retribution from the mortgage lenders whose subprime loans defaulted and from investment bankers whose mortgage-backed securities sharply declined in value in 2007, leading to financial panic and the Great Recession. From 2008 to 2019, the federal government extracted hundreds of billions in fines from dozens of corporations, but few individual business executives were held accountable, and no senior banker was convicted of a crime. I use the trial court record of five government enforcement cases against individuals to explain this apparently anomalous result. I conclude that, in addition to a lack of funding, the prosecution effort was hindered by the government’s erroneous selection of cases to pursue. Further, the diffused nature of decision making in the mortgage finance market made it difficult to prove that any one senior-level participant had the criminal intent necessary for a conviction or a Securities and Exchange Commission civil fine or injunction. The trial results also support the argument that the growth and consolidation of investment banks from 1990 to 2008 created incentives for misconduct within the firms.

美國人要求嚴懲次貸違約的抵押貸款機構，以及通過抵押貸款支持證券價值在2007年急劇下跌的投資銀行家，此事導致了金融恐慌和大衰退。從2008年到2019年，聯(lián)邦政府對數(shù)十家公司處以數(shù)千億美元的罰款，但很少有個別企業(yè)高管被追究責任，也沒有高級銀行家被定罪。我使用五起針對個人的政府執(zhí)法案件的庭審記錄來解釋這一明顯異常的結果，得出的結論是: 除了缺乏資金，起訴工作還因政府錯誤地選擇案件而受到阻礙。此外，抵押融資市場決策的分散性，很難證明任何一名高級參與者有罪，或者有證券交易委員會民事罰款或禁令所規(guī)定的犯罪動機。審判結果還支持這樣的論點，即1990年至2008年投資銀行的增長和整合為公司內部的不當行為創(chuàng)造了誘因。

（2008年雷曼兄弟破產前的曼哈頓總部）

10.Double Objective in Mind: Translating American Management Ideas in the Context of Cold War Finland

《頭腦中的雙重目標：冷戰(zhàn)背景下芬蘭美國式管理觀念的轉變》

作者：Jarmo Sepp?l?, Pasi Nevalainen, Pekka Mattila, Mikko Laukkanen

摘要：

The transfer of American management ideas was a central part of the Cold War struggle over ideologies. A key mediator was the European Recovery Program, which conveyed American influences to European management specialists. However, a direct influence was not always possible, as in Finland, which officially blocked assistance because of foreign policy considerations. Still, it was among the first countries to follow Harvard University’s lead in launching advanced management training. We examine how and why the focal actors adopted the American model of executive education, and how they managed to translate foreign ideas persuasively to the local business elite. The translation of executive education to Finland was a lengthy process that involved modification and readjustment of the original idea according to emerging needs. The Advanced Management Program became the core of the curriculum of Finland’s leading executive education institution and thus has influenced the emergence of new business culture.

對美國管理觀念的轉化是冷戰(zhàn)意識形態(tài)斗爭的核心部分。一個關鍵的轉化媒介是歐洲復興計劃，該計劃向歐洲管理專家?guī)砹嗣绹挠绊憽Ｈ欢苯拥挠绊懖⒉豢偸强赡艿模绶姨m，由于外交政策考慮，芬蘭官方層面拒絕接受援助。盡管如此，它仍然是首批跟隨哈佛大學開展高級管理培訓的國家之一。我們研究了關鍵行動者如何以及為什么采用美國的高管教育模式，以及他們如何設法將外國思想有說服力地轉化給當?shù)厣虡I(yè)精英。對于芬蘭，高管教育的轉變是一個漫長的過程，涉及根據(jù)新出現(xiàn)的需求對原始想法進行修改和調整等內容。高級管理課程成為芬蘭一流高管教育機構課程的核心，從而影響了新商業(yè)文化的出現(xiàn)。

11.Litigation and Lobbying in Support of the Marque: The Scotch Whisky Association, c. 1945–c. 1990

《支持知名品牌的訴訟和游說：蘇格蘭威士忌協(xié)會（約1945-約1990）》

作者：Julie Bower, David M. Higgins

摘要：

We examine the Scotch Whisky Association’s (SWA) role in protecting “Scotch whisky” between c. 1945 and c. 1990. Using new archival evidence, we demonstrate that the SWA intensively lobbied the UK government to achieve coordination between domestic and European regulations governing Scotch whisky and whisky. The SWA’s nonmarket activities were consonant with some trade associations but in other respects they were atypical. The SWA extended its activities to supranational bodies and engaged in extensive domestic and foreign litigation. The key message from this article is that the SWA built the world-renowned appellation “Scotch whisky” even though this marque was not registered as an appellation until the late twentieth century.

我們研究了蘇格蘭威士忌協(xié)會（SWA）在1945年至1990年間保護“蘇格蘭威士忌”所起的作用。通過使用新的檔案證據(jù)，我們論證了SWA集中游說英國政府，以實現(xiàn)監(jiān)管蘇格蘭威士忌和其他威士忌在國內和歐洲法規(guī)之間的協(xié)調。SWA的非市場活動與一些行業(yè)協(xié)會一致，但在其他方面卻是非典型的。SWA將其活動擴展到多個國家機構，并廣泛參與國內和國外訴訟。這篇文章的核心內容是，SWA建立了世界著名的“蘇格蘭威士忌”稱號，但這個稱號直到二十世紀后期才被注冊為品牌。

（蘇格拉威士忌協(xié)會標識）

02期刊目錄信息