據(jù)央視新聞報(bào)道,記者當(dāng)?shù)貢r(shí)間7月16日獲悉,美方初步調(diào)查評估消息稱,印度航空失事航班的黑匣子錄音顯示,機(jī)長關(guān)閉了控制兩臺引擎燃油供應(yīng)的開關(guān),這可能是導(dǎo)致墜機(jī)的直接原因。
The senior pilot of the Air India jet that crashed last month was responsible for cutting the flow of fuel to the plane's engines shortly after take-off, US authorities believe.
涉事客機(jī)的黑匣子照片(印方報(bào)告附圖)
印度航空事故調(diào)查局12日發(fā)布一個(gè)月前印度航空客機(jī)墜毀事故的初步調(diào)查報(bào)告。報(bào)告披露兩名飛行員的對話內(nèi)容等細(xì)節(jié),顯示客機(jī)起飛后不久,兩臺發(fā)動機(jī)就失去了燃油供應(yīng)。多名人士表示,調(diào)查重點(diǎn)已縮小到“發(fā)動機(jī)燃油開關(guān)的操作上”。
發(fā)動機(jī)失去燃油供應(yīng)
這份長達(dá)15頁的報(bào)告顯示,涉事客機(jī)起飛后不久,兩臺發(fā)動機(jī)失去燃油供應(yīng)。
報(bào)告說,客機(jī)墜毀前,控制兩臺發(fā)動機(jī)燃油流量的開關(guān)在一秒內(nèi)先后從“運(yùn)行”切換至“切斷”位置。駕駛艙語音記錄器的錄音中可以聽到其中一名飛行員問:“為什么要切斷飛機(jī)供油?”另一名飛行員回答:“我沒有”。
A preliminary report released last week by Indian investigators also concluded that the plane's fuel-control switches had been flipped almost simultaneously.
The report, by India's Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau (AAIB), said one pilot had asked the other why he had moved the switches. The other denied having done so.
報(bào)告還顯示,客機(jī)墜毀時(shí)兩個(gè)開關(guān)都移回到了“運(yùn)行”位置,其中一臺發(fā)動機(jī)有恢復(fù)運(yùn)行跡象,但最終無力回天。其間,一名飛行員發(fā)出“MAYDAY MAYDAY MAYDAY”求救信號。調(diào)查人員說,這一過程將成為調(diào)查重點(diǎn)。
但報(bào)告沒有說明,上述對話中哪些是機(jī)長說的,哪些是副駕駛說的,也沒有說明發(fā)出求救信號的是誰。
詳細(xì)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,涉事客機(jī)燃料供應(yīng)被切斷的持續(xù)時(shí)間大約為10秒,隨后燃料供應(yīng)開關(guān)被調(diào)整至開啟狀態(tài),但飛機(jī)此時(shí)已無法獲得足夠動力立即停止下降恢復(fù)爬升。此外,涉事客機(jī)兩臺發(fā)動機(jī)的燃料供應(yīng)開關(guān)相繼關(guān)閉的相互間隔時(shí)間約為1秒。
The fuel control switches were turned off one second apart, then flicked back on ten seconds later, according to the preliminary report.
波音787應(yīng)急能源沖壓空氣渦輪(資料圖)
報(bào)告說,從機(jī)場監(jiān)控視頻可以看到,飛機(jī)應(yīng)急能源沖壓空氣渦輪在客機(jī)起飛后立即開始工作,表明客機(jī)失去動力。飛行路徑附近未觀察到明顯的鳥類活動,客機(jī)飛過機(jī)場圍墻前即開始下降。
Almost immediately after the plane lifted off the ground, closed-circuit TV footage showed a backup energy source called a ram air turbine had deployed, indicating a loss of power from the engines.
報(bào)告同時(shí)顯示,客機(jī)失事時(shí)襟翼設(shè)置和起落架位置均為正常。
圖片顯示失事客機(jī)的沖壓空氣渦輪在爬升階段就已彈出(印方報(bào)告附圖)
意外移動燃油開關(guān)可能性較低
據(jù)央視新聞此前報(bào)道,《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》援引航空專家分析稱,涉事客機(jī)的每一個(gè)發(fā)動機(jī)燃油供應(yīng)開關(guān)均配備有鎖止機(jī)構(gòu),以防止意外碰觸導(dǎo)致開關(guān)狀態(tài)變化。
波音客機(jī)發(fā)動機(jī)燃油供應(yīng)開關(guān)示意圖
打開燃油供應(yīng)裝置,必須將開關(guān)外拉,然后移動至“供應(yīng)”位,松開后其會自動滑至鎖止位。要關(guān)閉燃料供應(yīng)時(shí),必須再次向外拉動開關(guān),將其移動至“關(guān)閉”位置并松手。據(jù)此,專家認(rèn)為飛行員意外移動燃油開關(guān)可能性較低。
The switches, which toggle between "run" and "cut-off", are used for the engine start and stop in every flight. They are positioned on the console between the pilots and are impossible to manipulate accidentally because they are guarded and require deliberate actions to move.
兩名飛行員是誰?
報(bào)告指出,客機(jī)發(fā)動機(jī)燃油開關(guān)曾被“短暫切斷”,導(dǎo)致駕駛艙出現(xiàn)混亂,外界因此將關(guān)注點(diǎn)轉(zhuǎn)向執(zhí)飛這架客機(jī)的機(jī)長和副駕駛。
報(bào)告和媒體報(bào)道信息顯示,機(jī)長蘇米特·薩巴瓦爾56歲,累計(jì)飛行時(shí)長超過15000小時(shí),其中8596小時(shí)執(zhí)飛波音787。據(jù)《印度時(shí)報(bào)》報(bào)道,薩巴瓦爾曾在機(jī)場與家人通話,承諾抵達(dá)英國倫敦后會再次聯(lián)系。
Captain Sumeet Sabharwal was a pilot of decades' standing with 15,638 hours of flying experience, of which 8,596 hours were on a Boeing 787. He had promised to call his family when the flight arrived in London, the Times of India reported.
機(jī)長蘇米特·薩巴瓦爾 圖源:太陽報(bào)
副駕駛克萊夫·昆德爾32歲,2020年考取商用駕駛員執(zhí)照,具備空客A320和波音787的副駕駛資質(zhì),累計(jì)飛行時(shí)長3403小時(shí),其中有1128小時(shí)擔(dān)任波音787副駕駛。
印度媒體援引昆德爾家屬的說法報(bào)道,他自學(xué)生時(shí)代就懷揣“飛行夢”,2012年開始其飛行員生涯,2017年加入印度航空。
Unlike Captain Sabharwal, first officer Cliver Kunder, 32, was at the beginning of a promising aviation career, with over 3,400 hours of flight time to his name.
According to Indian media reports citing relatives, Kunder had dreamt of flying since childhood. He began his journey as a pilot in 2012 and joined Air India in 2017.
副駕駛克萊夫·昆德爾 圖源:太陽報(bào)
人為因素?還需繼續(xù)調(diào)查
專業(yè)航空網(wǎng)站“氣流”8日援引多名調(diào)查知情人士消息報(bào)道,調(diào)查重點(diǎn)已縮小到“發(fā)動機(jī)燃油開關(guān)的操作上”,完整分析報(bào)告可能還需數(shù)月甚至更久才能完成。
美國航空專家約翰·南斯說,兩個(gè)燃油開關(guān)在一秒內(nèi)先后切斷,這大致相當(dāng)于人為操作的時(shí)間。他強(qiáng)調(diào),飛行員在飛行過程中尤其是在爬升階段,正常情況下絕不會關(guān)閉這些開關(guān)。將燃油開關(guān)切換至“切斷”位置會立即導(dǎo)致發(fā)動機(jī)熄火,通常僅在飛機(jī)到達(dá)停機(jī)位置、關(guān)閉發(fā)動機(jī)時(shí),或是在“發(fā)動機(jī)起火”等緊急情況下才會作此操作。而調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示,當(dāng)時(shí)并不存在任何需要切斷發(fā)動機(jī)的緊急情況。
The circumstantial evidence increasingly indicates that a crew member flipped the engine fuel switches, aviation safety expert John Nance said, given there was "no other rational explanation" that was consistent with the information released to date.
涉事客機(jī)的推力桿和燃油控制開關(guān)(印方報(bào)告附圖)
報(bào)告指出,兩名飛行員在起飛前獲得充分休息,接受了酒精含量呼氣測試,結(jié)果顯示適合執(zhí)行本次任務(wù)。印度航空事故調(diào)查局表示,調(diào)查仍在進(jìn)行,已向相關(guān)方“索取補(bǔ)充證據(jù)和資料”。
根據(jù)國際民用航空公約,空難事故的初步調(diào)查報(bào)告應(yīng)在事發(fā)之日起30天內(nèi),發(fā)送給有關(guān)參與調(diào)查的國家和國際民航組織。最終報(bào)告可能需要一年或更長時(shí)間才能完成。
來源:新華社 每日經(jīng)濟(jì)新聞 央視新聞 泰晤士報(bào) 獨(dú)立報(bào)
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