【編者按】本期推出的是國際企業史學界權威期刊《企業史》（Business History）2022年第3期，如存在翻譯等問題歡迎批評指正。另為尊重知識產權，此類推介僅限于對原刊的一部分目錄、摘要的翻譯整理，以供中外學術交流及學習之用，如需轉載請查閱原文并注明出處，特此說明。

01

本期論文基本信息

Business History, Volume 64, Issue 3 (2022)

《企業史》

1.Business schools and the Spanish business elite since the mid-twentieth century

《二十世紀中期以來的商學院和西班牙商業精英》

作者：Luis Chirosa-Ca?avate, Juan A. Rubio-Mondéjar & Josean Garrués-Irurzun

摘要：

Literature has emphasized the key role of business schools in spreading US management in Europe after the Second World War but has not found how to quantify its impact on the business systems. With such purpose, this article examines the relations between the pioneer Spanish business schools and the national corporate elite. By combining an institutional approach and social networks analysis, it shows the incidence of business schools on the board of directors of the largest Spanish firms during the second half of the 20th century, and explains their role as centers for business elite reproduction.

一些文獻資料強調了商學院在二戰后將美國管理推廣到歐洲的關鍵作用，但沒有發現如何量化其對商業體系的影響。基于這樣的目的，本文考察了西班牙商學院的先行者們與國家企業精英之間的關系。通過結合制度方法和社會網絡分析，文章闡明了20世紀下半葉商學院在西班牙最大公司董事會中的影響程度，并解釋了它們作為商業精英生產中心的作用。

（西班牙ESADE商學院）

2. Between the market and the state: Ibá?ez, the Marquis of Sargadelos (1749–1809), a Spanish businessman sailing against the tide

《市場和國家之間：薩格德羅斯侯爵伊巴涅斯（1749-1809），一個逆流而上的西班牙商人》

作者：Joaquín Ocampo Suárez-Valdés & Patricia Suárez Cano

摘要：

When Spain began the transition from the Old Regime to liberalism, the business career of the Marquis of Sargadelos was unique. In an institutional scenario in which being a ‘profit seeker’ was an almost indispensable prerequisite to overcoming the steep barriers to the entry of manufacturing initiatives, and in a society where the capital accumulated in commercial and manufacturing ventures was diverted to the purchase of rural land, Ibá?ez was an exception to the norm in two senses: first, for his willingness to take a risk on new industries, and second, for his efforts to update the available technology. It is in this sense that he might be described as a ‘Schumpeterian entrepreneur’. The aim of this article is to consider Ibá?ez’s business career from a new perspective, both what it has in common with the classical business cycle of the time and the unique features of his industrial initiatives.

當西班牙開始從舊政體向自由主義過渡時，薩格德羅斯侯爵的商業生涯是獨一無二的。在當時的體制下，要克服進入制造業計劃的巨大障礙，其必要前提可能是成為“利潤追逐者”，另外在當時的社會中，商業和制造業企業積累的資本被轉用于購買農村土地，在這兩方面，伊巴涅斯是一個例外：首先，他愿意在新的產業上承擔風險，其次，他努力革新現有技術。正是在這個意義上，他可以被稱為一個 "熊彼特式的企業家"。這篇文章的目的是從一個新的角度來看待伊巴涅斯的商業生涯，既包括其與當時古典商業周期的共同點，也包括其工業倡議的獨特之處。

(薩格德羅斯侯爵像)

3. Selling the past. The use of history as a marketing strategy in Spain, 1900-1980

《銷售過去：歷史作為一種營銷策略在西班牙的使用（1900-1980）》

作者：José Antonio Miranda & Felipe Ruiz-Moreno

摘要：

History can represent an effective marketing resource because it can establish an emotional relationship with consumers. This article examines trademark applications in order to show how Spanish companies used the past in their branding strategy during the twentieth century. The article analyses which historical themes were used the most, over which periods, for what types of products and services and according to which Spanish regions. The study indicates that this commercial use of the past was closely linked to the spread of Spanish nationalism. Brands try to connect emotionally with consumers by evoking historical national myths and, therefore, their use increased during the periods of intensive nationalist expression.

歷史可以代表一種有效的營銷資源，因為它可以與消費者建立一種情感關系。本文對商標申請進行了研究，以展示20世紀時期西班牙的公司如何在其品牌戰略中使用歷史。文章分析了在特定歷史時期中的某一西班牙地區，何種歷史主題被廣泛運用在某一類型的產品和服務。該研究表明，這種對過往商業的使用與西班牙民族主義的傳播密切相關。品牌試圖通過喚起歷史上的民族神話來與消費者建立情感聯系，因此，在民族主義感情強烈的時期，品牌的使用會有所增加。

4. Succession in large nineteenth-century Chilean family businesses

《19世紀智利大型家族企業的繼承》

作者：Juan Ricardo Nazer & Manuel Llorca-Ja?a

摘要：

This article analyses the process of succession in three large Chilean family businesses between c.1860s-1940s, whose combined wealth was 10% of Chilean GDP. Although there is no general theory of succession planning in family firms, the most common reasons for why succession fails or succeeds have been identified in the specialised literature. We have contrasted the evidence we found in our three case studies against the theories available. The theories underpinning effective successions are supported by the case studies under analysis: timely selection and training of a competent successor; a reduced number of heirs; strategically arranged marriages; and family harmony. Some of the theories behind succession failure are also borne out by the existing evidence: family rivalries; adverse external economic shocks; conflicts between the family and the government; lack of commitment on the part of the heirs to the continuity of the business; unskilled successors taking over; early deaths from illness. Two further underlying elements can be identified from the Chilean case studies: fragmentation of the capital of the group; and the fashion for family members to spend time in Europe as rentiers.

本文分析了大約19世紀60年代到20世紀40年代智利三家大型家族企業的繼承過程，這些企業的總財富占智利GDP的10%。雖然沒有關于家族企業繼承計劃的通用理論，但在專業文獻中存在繼承失敗或成功的最常見原因。我們將三個案例研究中發現的證據與現有的理論進行了對比。所分析的案例研究支持了以有效繼承為基礎的理論：及時選擇和培訓一位合格接班人；減少繼承人的數量；戰略性地包辦婚姻；以及家庭和諧。繼承失敗背后的一些理論也得到了現有證據的證實：家庭競爭；不利的外部經濟沖擊；家庭和政府之間的沖突；部分繼承人缺乏對企業延續性的奉獻；無經驗的繼任者接管；因病早逝。從智利的案例研究中可以發現另外兩個潛在因素：集團資本的分散；以及家庭成員依靠股息去歐洲度假的時尚。

5. German economic power in Southeastern Europe: The case of Reemtsma and the Greek tobacco merchants (1923-1939)

《德國在東南歐的經濟實力：以利是美煙草公司和希臘煙草商為例（1923-1939）》

作者：Juan Carmona-Zabala

摘要：

This article explains how the firms involved in tobacco trade between the largest producer and consumer of Oriental-type tobacco (Greece and Germany) adapted their strategies in response to the economic environment of the interwar period, which was characterised by increased economic étatism, high barriers to trade, and generalised economic depression. The leading firm of Germany’s cigarette industry Reemtsma adopted innovative strategies for sourcing its raw material, while Greek leaf merchants turned to collective action and political advocacy in response to international competition and labour activism. The history of these strategies exemplify the interplay between politics and business decisions. It also provides a concrete example of how German economic power over southeastern Europe in the interwar period manifested itself in a specific industry.

本文解釋了在參與東方型煙草最大生產國和消費國（希臘和德國）之間煙草的貿易時，一些公司如何調整其戰略，以應對戰時的經濟環境。該時期的特點是逐漸加強的國家經濟主義，高貿易壁壘，以及普遍的經濟蕭條。德國卷煙業的龍頭企業利是美公司在原材料采購方面采取了創新策略，而希臘煙葉商則轉向集體行動和政治倡導，以應對國際競爭和勞工激進主義。這些戰略的歷史體現了政治和商業決策之間的相互作用。本文還提供了一個具體的例子，說明在兩次世界大戰期間，德國在東南歐的經濟實力，如何從一個特定行業中表現出來。

（利是美煙草公司的標志）

6. Origins resting behind banking financial accountability of paragraphs 78 to 82 of the First Schedule of the Companies Act 1862 (UK)

《英國<1862年公司法>附表一第78至82節中銀行財務責任的起源》

作者：Chantal S. Game, Lisa M. Cullen & Alistair M. Brown

摘要：

Applying tenets of legal origin theory, this paper traces the origins of banking financial accountability resting behind paragraphs 78 to 82 of the First Schedule of theCompanies Act 1862 (UK), where the timely disclosure of a balance sheet and statement of income and expenditure to stakeholders are scrutinised. Comparative legal analysis of 503 banking enactments of the US, Canada and England during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reveals that expectations of formal accounts raised by theCompanies Act 1862 (UK)were informed by theColombia Banking Act 1817 (CO)in the US, the CanadianMauritius Regulations 1830and theJoint Stock Banks Act 1844 (UK).

本文運用法律淵源理論的原則，追溯了英國《1862年公司法》附表一第78至82節中銀行財務責任的起源，對其中適時向股東披露的資產負債表和收支表進行了審查。通過對18和19世紀期間美國、加拿大和英國503個銀行法規進行法律對比分析可知，英國《1862年公司法》提出的對正式賬戶的期望是受美國《1817年哥倫比亞銀行法》（哥倫比亞特區）、加拿大《1830年毛里求斯條例》和英國《1844年合資銀行法》所影響。

7. Couture ltd: French fashion’s debut in London’s west end

《高級時裝有限公司：法國時裝首次在倫敦西區亮相》

作者：Véronique Pouillard & Waleria Dorogova

摘要：

Between the 1890s and the 1920s, several leading Parisian couture businesses, spearheaded by the house of Paquin, expanded to London to exploit the idiosyncratic advantages of British commerce and clientele. Most of these houses opened branch stores there and formed limited liability companies according to English law, but each strategized their expansions with a distinct individuality. This article explores Franco-British relations in the arena of high-end dressmaking, as well as the economic structures inherent to the early and rapidly expanding couture businesses, by analyzing a series of unpublished business records held in both British and French archives. These cases shed new light on the balance between commerce and creativity in French fashion and offer firsthand accounts of an internationalized couture market in its formative stages.

在19世紀90年代至20世紀20年代期間，幾家領先的巴黎高級時裝公司在帕奎因家族的帶領下，向倫敦擴張，以利用英國商業和客戶的獨特優勢。大多數公司都在倫敦開設了分店，并根據英國法律成立了有限責任公司，但每家公司都以獨特的個性來制定其擴張戰略。本文通過分析英國和法國檔案館保存的一系列未出版的商業文書，探討了法英兩國在高端服裝制造領域的關系，以及早期快速擴張的高級時裝公司所固有的經濟結構。這些案例對法國時尚界的商業和創意之間的平衡有了新的認識，并提供了處于形成階段的國際化高級時裝市場的第一手資料。

（倫敦西區街景）

8. A return ticket to the world market? The Leipzig fur industry, internationalism and the case of the International Fur Exhibition (IPA) in 1930

《往返世界市場的機票？萊比錫裘皮工業、國際主義和1930年國際裘皮展覽會（IPA）的案例》

作者：Robrecht Declercq

摘要：

This article examines the participation of German businesses in interwar trade exhibitions, focusing on a case study of the 1930 International Fur Exhibition in Leipzig. The central hypothesis of the article is that trade exhibitions, as vehicles of internationalism, were perceived as an instrumental strategy of post-war world market readmission for particular sectors and industries. It shows how the message of internationalism and international cooperation was believed to generally improve the position of German businesses. In the case of the IPA, fur businesses in Leipzig buried global commercial ambitions behind claims that the exhibition would facilitate the exchange of information, innovations and practices that would benefit the international fur business as a whole. The IPA also served more regional and local political and economic interests, as part of an effort to re-design regional economic structures in a newly conceptualised economic space called ‘Mitteldeutschland’ with Leipzig as a central commercial-industrial hub.

本文考察了德國企業在兩次世界大戰期間參加貿易展覽會的情況，重點是對1930年萊比錫國際裘皮展覽會的案例研究。文章的核心假設是，貿易展覽作為國際主義的載體，被認為是戰后特定部門和行業重新進入世界市場的一種有效戰略。文章論述了國際主義和國際合作的信息如何被認為能夠普遍提高德國企業的地位。在國際裘皮展覽會的案例中，萊比錫的裘皮企業將其全球商業野心埋藏在聲稱“展覽將促進信息、創新和實踐的交流，并將有利于整個國際皮草行業”的說辭之中。國際裘皮展覽會還在政治與經濟上服務于更多的區域和地方利益，作為重新設計地區經濟結構的部分努力，在一個被稱為“中德意志”的新概念化經濟空間中，萊比錫成為了一個中央工商中心。

（1930年國際裘皮展覽會一角）

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期刊目錄信息