最新的古DNA研究為哈爾濱古人類個體的群體歸屬和丹尼索瓦人群的較完整形態提供了關鍵線索。

1933 年，哈爾濱的一位建筑工人發現了一枚古人類頭骨化石，他意識到頭骨的不同尋常，沒有將其交給彼時占據東北的日本侵略者。而是將頭骨帶回家，藏匿在一口廢棄的井里，直至臨終他才向家人吐露這個秘密。2018 年，這枚保存完整的頭骨化石重見天日，發現者的家人將其捐贈到了河北地質大學地球科學博物館。

這個頭骨化石是迄今為止發現的最完整的古人類化石之一，也是已知的最大的人屬頭骨化石，鈾系測年認定其不晚于14.6萬年。

2021 年 6 月，河北地質大學、中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所的研究人員在The Innovation期刊連發 3 篇論文，認為這枚頭骨代表了一個全新的古人類支系，并將其命名為：“龍人”（Homo longi）。

然而，學術界對于將龍人確定為一個全新的古人類支系存在爭議，形態學研究揭示，其與青藏高原白石崖溶洞的丹尼索瓦人下頜骨存在顯著相似性，因此，一些古人類學著認為，龍人可能屬于丹尼索瓦人，但這一觀點缺乏直接的古 DNA 或古蛋白證據。

丹尼索瓦人是一支基于遺傳學信息發現的神秘的已滅絕古人類群體，現有古DNA和古蛋白證據將來源于丹尼索瓦洞穴、青藏高原白石崖溶洞以及臺灣澎湖海域等遺址點出土的牙齒、骨骼碎片及不完整下頜骨歸屬于丹尼索瓦人群，暗示他們可能曾廣泛分布在亞洲地區。

然而，目前的丹尼索瓦遺骸都較為殘破，缺乏較完整的形態特征，難以解析其與亞洲其他古人類群體之間的演化關系。解決這一問題的關鍵，在于獲取同時具有完整形態和遺傳學上確鑿的群體歸屬的化石，而“龍人”頭骨化石有希望提供這一突破性的證據。

而最新的古DNA研究為哈爾濱古人類個體的群體歸屬和丹尼索瓦人群的較完整形態提供了關鍵線索。

2025 年 6 月 18 日，中國科學院古脊椎動物與古人類研究所付巧妹團隊與河北地質大學季強團隊及古 DNA 技術先驅、2022 年諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎得主Svante P??bo教授合作，在國際頂尖學術期刊Cell發表了題為：Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from dental calculus of the >146,000-year-old Harbin cranium的研究論文，該研究通過古 DNA 技術為“龍人”的群體歸屬以及丹尼索瓦人的較完整形態提供了關鍵線索。

該研究通過優化實驗提取方案和研發生信分析方法的創新，首次成功從“龍人”頭骨的牙結石中獲取到古老型人類古DNA。這是自丹尼索瓦人發現15年以來，首次用遺傳學證據將較完整的頭骨形態與丹尼索瓦人關聯起來，為丹尼索瓦人的研究提供了關鍵線索，加深了我們對東亞古人類多樣性及其演化歷史的理解。同時，從牙結石中成功提取宿主古DNA更為中更新世人類遺傳學研究開創了新途徑。

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來自近乎完整頭骨牙結石中的丹尼索瓦人線粒體DNA研究總結圖

目前，全球僅有4個10萬年以上的古人類遺址成功獲取到人骨古DNA數據，可見從哈爾濱古人類（龍人）化石樣本中獲取古DNA面臨著嚴峻的技術挑戰。在明確其牙齒和顳骨無古DNA的情況下，研究團隊另辟蹊徑，從牙結石中獲得中更新世的古DNA。牙結石特殊的礦化結構，會在形成過程把宿主細胞、口腔微生物等包埋其中，相對封閉。

研究對兩份微量牙結石樣本（0.5mg和0.3mg）進行提取實驗優化，將可能存在的提取液以及實驗過程的殘留物（硅膠膜和沉淀物）進行多方案提取，構建了20個DNA文庫，從中篩選出7個含丹尼索瓦人特異性變異的文庫（均來自0.3mg樣本）用于下游分析。

通過自主開發的污染評估方法，識別出高達82%的現代人污染，后續分析僅嚴格選用具有古DNA降解特征的短片段數據（<60 bp）。同時，研究團隊自主開發的算法構建了人類祖先型和丹尼索瓦人祖先型參考序列，以最大程度減小比對誤差和篩選出較準確的古DNA片段。

通過獲取的宿主線粒體DNA分析顯示，哈爾濱古人類個體屬于丹尼索瓦人分支，研發生信分析方法確定不同支系的關鍵位點，明確了其與西伯利亞丹尼索瓦洞穴早期個體更相關，而與晚期個體不同。結合這些個體的年代信息，丹尼索瓦洞穴早期個體的年代范圍分別是18.7 萬-21.7萬年，12.3 萬-19.4萬年和約19萬年前，晚期個體年代大約為5.2 萬-8.4萬年，而哈爾濱古人類個體的年代不晚于14.6萬年，與早期丹尼索瓦人的年代更接近。