【編者按】《企業與社會》（Enterprise & Society）于2022年度共出版4期，前兩期已在網易號推出。本期推出第3期和第4期簡介，如存在翻譯等問題，歡迎批評指正。另為尊重知識產權，此類推介僅限于對原刊的一部分目錄、摘要的翻譯整理，以供中外學術交流及學習之用，如需轉載請查閱原文并注明出處，特此說明。

01第三期

Volume 23 - Issue 3 - September 2022

《企業與社會》

1. Employers’ Mutuals and Accident Insurance Scheme in Spain: From Rejection to Control and Collaboration (1966–1990)

《西班牙的雇主互助會與事故保險計劃：從排斥到控制與協作( 1966 - 1990 )》

作者：MARGARITA VILAR-RODRíGUEZ, JERòNIA PONS-PONS

摘要：

This article discusses the role of employers and their organizations in promoting or hindering social insurance schemes and, ultimately, the welfare state. Unlike most studies that center on countries in periods of democracy, this research focuses on the role of employers, and specifically employers’ mutuals, in the development of the industrial accident scheme during the Franco dictatorship in Spain. The institutional elimination of the class struggle, by repressing the working class and prohibiting class-based unions, led to an evolution of the industrial accident scheme and employers’ liabilities that revolved around the interrelationship between employers and the state. While employers tried to keep control of the management and low cost of the insurance, the state maintained significant bureaucratic intervention and increased auditing and control. The democratic period that began in 1977 prolonged the structure fostered during the Franco regime and enhanced the power of the mutuals in managing this insurance.

本文討論了雇主及其組織在促進或阻礙社會保險計劃方面的作用，以及他們最終如何影響到福利國家。與大多數以民主時期的國家為中心的研究不同，本研究關注的是在西班牙佛朗哥獨裁時期，雇主特別是雇主互助會，在工業事故計劃的發展中起到的作用。通過鎮壓工人階級和禁止以階級為基礎的工會，西班牙從制度上消除了階級斗爭，引發了工業事故計劃和雇主責任的演變，其中雇主責任則圍繞著雇主和國家間的相互關系而展開。在雇主們試圖控制保險的管理和低成本的同時，國家保持了有力的官方干預，并增強了審計和控制。1977年開啟的民主時代延續了佛朗哥政權時期培養起來的結構，并加強了互助會在管理這種保險方面的權力。

（西班牙七十年代工人自主斗爭文集（圣地亞哥·佩蒂特編））

2. The Nature of Failure: The Protracted Demise of the American-Colombian Corporation, 1909–1960

《失敗的本質:美國哥倫比亞公司的長期消亡，1909-1960》

作者：Shawn Van Ausdal

摘要：

For 50 years, the American-Colombian Corporation owned the largest property in Colombia: the Lands of Loba. While the principal investors, men from Utah and later also Laurance and Nelson Rockefeller, dreamed of making a fortune from this tropical “fairyland,” none of their plans bore fruit and they eventually lost control to thousands of so-called squatters. To explain the failure of an American free-standing company, this article emphasizes misguided perceptions and a challenging external environment rather than managerial inexperience. Examining recycled notions of tropical abundance demonstrates how ideas of nature can influence investment decisions. Overlapping property rights and tension between possession and title complicated company efforts to raise capital. Local resistance and a fractured political landscape further limited its influence. Ultimately, the very scale of the property both generated delusions of grandeur and frustrated the company’s territorial control.

50年來，美國哥倫比亞公司擁有哥倫比亞最大的財產：洛巴地區。這里主要的投資者是來自猶他州的人，后來還有勞倫斯和納爾遜·洛克菲勒，雖然他們夢想著從這個熱帶 “仙境”中賺取財富，但他們的計劃都落空了，并最終失去了對成千上萬的擅自墾荒者的控制。本文通過強調錯誤的認知和富有挑戰性的外部環境，而不是管理上的缺乏經驗，來解釋這家美國獨立公司的失敗。對熱帶豐饒循環概念的研究表明，自然理念可以影響投資決策。產權重疊以及占用權與所有權之間的緊張關系使得公司籌集資本的努力變得復雜。地方反抗和破碎的政治格局則進一步限制了其影響力。最終，這處地產的規模既讓哥倫比亞公司產生了宏大的妄想，也挫敗了它對這片土地的控制。

（洛巴地區投資人之一、前美國副總統：納爾遜·洛克菲勒）

3. Marketing Love: Romance Publishers Mills & Boon and Harlequin Enterprises, 1930–1990

《愛情營銷：浪漫出版社米爾斯與布恩（Mills & Boon）以及禾林（Harlequin）公司，1930-1990》

作者：Denise Hardesty Sutton

摘要：

When Harlequin Enterprises acquired British publisher Mills & Boon in 1972, the merged firm became the world’s dominant publisher of popular romance novels. Little is known, however, about the role that innovative marketing strategies played in the growth of these two romance publishing companies, especially their use of product sampling, direct mail, product standardization, and what was known at Mills & Boon as the “personal touch.” Through research in the Mills & Boon company archive at the University of Reading, the Grescoe Archive at the University of Calgary, as well as an analysis of company histories, trade publications, interviews, and marketing techniques, this study reveals how Harlequin and Mills & Boon took a different approach to product promotion than traditional publishers. Their innovation was to incorporate consumer goods marketing strategies, familiar to other industries, that disrupted and redefined standard practices of book publishers.

1972年，當禾林公司收購英國出版商米爾斯與布恩時，合并后的公司成為全球流行言情小說的主要出版商。然而，人們對創新營銷策略在這兩家出版公司的成長過程中所扮演的角色知之甚少，特別是它們使用的產品抽樣、直郵、產品標準化，以及在米爾斯與布恩公司中被稱為“個人接觸”的營銷策略。通過對雷丁大學的米爾斯與布恩公司檔案、卡爾加里大學的格雷斯科（Grescoe）檔案的研究，以及對這兩個公司的歷史、商業出版物、訪談和營銷策略進行分析，本研究揭示了禾林和“米爾斯與布恩”如何采取與傳統出版商不同的產品推廣方法。他們的創新之處在于將其他行業所熟悉的消費品營銷策略納入其中，顛覆并重新定義了圖書出版商的標準做法。

（Mills& Boon公司近期出版物：意大利之夏：秘密與謊言）

4. The Changing Role of CEOs in Dutch Listed Companies, 1957–2007

《荷蘭上市公司首席執行官的角色變化：1957-2007》

作者：Keetie Sluyterman，Gerarda Westerhuis

摘要：

This paper looks at the position of CEOs in Dutch listed companies in the context of institutional change. Following up on discussions on Varieties of Capitalism and the contrasts between coordinated and liberal market economies, we explore the position of the CEO in the Netherlands in the second half of the twentieth century. On the basis of our database of Dutch CEOs, as well as an analysis of articles and published interviews, we show that the move toward a more liberal market economy had a clear impact on the position of CEOs and on the way their role was perceived. This paper highlights the importance of studying leaders in their historical context, with implications for the selection of future CEOs as they face increasing pressure on issues such as inequality and climate change.

本文在制度變遷的背景下考察了荷蘭上市公司首席執行官的地位。在討論完《資本主義的多樣性》，以及協調型與自由型市場經濟之間的對比后，我們接著探討二十世紀下半葉荷蘭首席執行官的地位。基于我們的荷蘭首席執行官數據庫，以及對文章和發表的訪談進行分析，我們發現，向更自由的市場經濟轉變對首席執行官的地位和他們的角色感知方式產生了明顯的影響。本文強調在歷史背景下對領導者進行研究的重要性，這對選擇未來的首席執行官產生了影響，因為他們在不平等和氣候變化等問題上面臨著越來越大的壓力。

（荷蘭最著名的上市公司之一：荷蘭皇家殼牌集團位于海牙的全球總

5. Enslaved Financing of Southern Industry: The Nesbitt Manufacturing Company of South Carolina, 1836–1850

《南方工業的奴役性融資：南卡羅來納州的納斯比特（Nesbitt）制造公司，1836-1850》

作者：SHARON ANN MURPHY

摘要：

Incorporated on the eve of the Panic of 1837, the Nesbitt Manufacturing Company of South Carolina owned and hired enslaved individuals to labor in their ironworks, but they also leveraged the market value of this enslaved property by exchanging them for shares of company stock and offering them as collateral in loan contracts. These slaveholders actively experimented with increasingly sophisticated financial tools and institutions in order to facilitate investment, market exchange, and profit maximization within the system of enslavement. Although historians have examined the role of enslaved labor in industrial concerns, they have largely ignored their role in the financing of these operations. Understanding the multiple ways that southerners were turning enslaved property into liquid, flexible financial assets is essential to understanding the depth and breadth of the system of enslavement. In doing so, we can move beyond questions of whether slavery was compatible with industrialization specifically and capitalism more broadly, to an understanding of how slavery and capitalism interacted to promote southern economic development in the antebellum period. At the same time, the experience of the Nesbitt Company reveals the limits of enslaved financing. The aftermath of the Panic of 1837 demonstrated that the market value of enslaved property was much more volatile than enslavers cared to admit. Although southerners could often endure this volatility in the case of enslaved laborers working on plantations or in factories, it made the financialization of slavery a much riskier endeavor for an emerging industrial regime.

在1837年大恐慌前夕成立的南卡羅來納州奈斯比特制造公司，占有并雇傭奴隸在其鐵廠工作，不過他們也通過將奴隸換成公司股票，并將其當作貸款合同中的抵押品，來撬動奴隸的市場價值。這些奴隸主積極嘗試日益復雜的金融工具和制度，以便在奴隸制內實現促進投資、市場交換和利潤最大化。盡管歷史學家已經研究了奴隸勞工在工業企業中的作用，但他們在很大程度上忽略了這些奴隸在企業融資方面的作用。了解南方奴隸主將奴隸財產變成流動、靈活等多種方式的金融資產，對于理解奴隸制的深度和廣度至關重要。這樣一來，我們就可以超越奴隸制能否具體地與工業化兼容，以及能否與更廣泛的資本主義兼容等問題，而是去探索奴隸制和資本主義是如何相互作用以促進南北戰爭前的南方經濟發展的。同時，奈斯比特公司的經驗揭示了奴役性融資的局限性。1837年大恐慌的后果表明，奴隸財產的市場價值波動比奴隸主愿意承認的要大得多。盡管就奴隸在種植園或工廠中工作而言，南方奴隸主往往能夠忍受這種波動，但對于一個新興的工業政權來說，這使奴隸制金融化成為一種風險更大的努力。

（19世紀中期美國黑奴在工廠生產棉花）

6. “What cannot be helped must be indured”: Coping with Obstacles to Business During the Anglo-Dutch Wars, 1652–1674

作者：Samuel Garrido

《“無能無力只有忍受”：1652 -1674年英荷戰爭期間對商業阻礙的應對》

作者：SIOBHAN TALBOTT

摘要：

By nature, wars appear hostile to commerce, bringing disruption to international relations and to everyday life. By focusing on the individuals involved in continuing commerce, however, an increasing body of scholarship has shown that merchants in a number of contexts continued to operate successfully during periods of war. This article builds on these recent methodological shifts in business history, applying them to the three Anglo-Dutch wars of the seventeenth century. Although these conflicts have been described as being harmful to commerce, there has been no focus hitherto on merchants’ experiences of or responses to these wars. This article addresses this problem and, in so doing, proposes a different way of analyzing and thus characterizing the relationship between the Anglo-Dutch Wars and business. Through examining the surviving correspondence of merchants operating during these wars, I investigate the various methods used—both successfully and unsuccessfully—to navigate obstacles to business during these conflicts. The value of considering this activity in broader British and European contexts is explored, and the range of concerns exhibited by merchants during these periods of conflict is analyzed, showing that war was not paramount among their concerns, despite the political context. Throughout, I show that although all three Anglo-Dutch Wars had an impact on commerce, this was not necessarily negative, and that the most enterprising and proactive merchants benefited from commercial opportunities created by the conflicts.

從本質上講，戰爭似乎與商業敵對，它對國際關系和日常生活造成了破壞。然而，通過關注進行連續的商業活動的個人，越來越多的研究表明，在一些情況下，商人在戰爭期間也能繼續成功地經營。本文以商業史近期的方法論轉向為基礎，并將其應用于17世紀的三次英荷戰爭。盡管這些沖突被認為對商業有害，但迄今為止還沒人關注商人對這些戰爭的經歷或反應。本文討論了這一問題，并在此過程中提出了一種不同的分析方式，從而對英荷戰爭和商業之間的關系定性。通過調查在這些戰爭中從事經營活動的商人遺留的信件，我研究了商人在這些沖突中用來克服商業障礙各種成功的和不成功的方法，探討了在英國和歐洲這種更廣泛的環境中商人考慮這一活動的價值，并分析了商人在這些沖突中表現出的一系列關切，得出了盡管有政治背景，但戰爭并不是他們最關心問題的結論。綜上，我認為盡管三次英荷戰爭都對商業產生了影響，但并不一定都是負面的，最具進取心和積極主動的商人仍然能從沖突所創造的商業機會中獲益。

（描述第二次英荷戰爭的油畫）

7. Poisoned Partnership: The International Mercury Cartel and Spanish–Italian Relations, 1945–1954

《有毒的伙伴關系：國際水銀卡特爾和西班牙—意大利關系，1945-1954年》

作者：PABLO DEL HIERRO, ESPEN STORLI

摘要：

This article investigates the development of the Spanish–Italian mercury cartel from the end of World War II to the mid-1950s. Previous literature has singled out the cartel as one of the most robust international cartels of the twentieth century, but as this article shows, the cartel broke down toward the end of the 1940s, and although briefly reestablished in 1954, it quickly dissolved again. Building on access to original source material from archives in Spain, Italy, the United States, and United Kingdom, we investigate the underlying reasons why the cartel broke down, and how and why it was eventually reestablished. Because both the main Italian and the Spanish mercury producers were state-owned, this article pays special attention to the influence of the political relations between Spain and Italy on the development of the cartel. The study of the mercury cartel is used as a prism to investigate the point where industry strategies meet government strategies. This article thus contributes to two major strands of literature, both to the business history literature on international cartels in the post-1945 world and to the diplomatic history literature on the intricate relationship between Spain and Italy in the early phase of the Cold War.

本文研究了二戰結束至1950年代中期西班牙—意大利水銀卡特爾的發展。以前的文獻將該卡特爾列為20世紀最強大的國際卡特爾之一，但正如本文所示，該卡特爾在20世紀40年代末瓦解，雖然在1954年短暫地重新建立，但很快又解散了。基于從西班牙、意大利、美國和英國的檔案中獲取的原始資料，我們調查了該卡特爾瓦解的根本原因，以及它最終重新建立的方式和原因。由于意大利和西班牙的主要水銀生產商都是國有企業，因此本文特別關注西班牙和意大利的政治關系對卡特爾發展的影響。對水銀卡特爾的研究將被當成一個棱鏡，來調查行業戰略與政府戰略的結合點。因此，本文對兩大類著作做出了貢獻，一是關于1945年后世界國際卡特爾的商業史著作，二是關于冷戰初期西班牙和意大利錯綜復雜關系的外交史著作。

8. The Material Politics of Finance: The Ticker Tape and the London Stock Exchange, 1860s–1890s

《金融的物質政治：自動收報機和倫敦證券交易所，19世紀60-90年代》

作者：JOHN HANDEL

摘要：

When the ticker tape was first invented in the 1860s, it promised a revolution in financial markets. Pricing information was now no longer solely the domain of the trading floor but was relayed continuously and simultaneously to ticker tapes long distances away from the stock exchange. Both nineteenth-century financiers, and the modern scholars who study them, have been enamored with the ticker tape and how it changed the way financial markets were perceived and experienced. However, a focus on how nineteenth-century financiers read and responded to the ticker tape has missed the real reordering of power that the ticker helped usher in. This article argues that between the 1860s and 1890s the London Stock Exchange and the Exchange Telegraph Company powerfully centralized their control over the distribution and transmission of financial information through the mundane infrastructures that underpinned the ticker tape system. Seeming technicalities, like the placement of batteries, the construction of electrical circuits, and the laying of wires and cables, were leveraged by these institutions to create a ticker tape system that distributed financial information unequally to financiers and investors throughout Britain. By the end of the nineteenth century, social and political questions about who should have access to financial information and markets, and on what terms, became helplessly intertwined with the mundane technicalities of the material infrastructures of modern finance.

股票自動收報機在19世紀60年代的問世，預示著金融市場將發生一場革命。定價信息現在不再僅僅是交易大廳的領域，而能連續、同步地轉發到離證券交易所很遠的收報機中。無論是十九世紀的金融家，還是研究他們的現代學者，都專注于自動收報機以及它如何改變人們對金融市場的看法和體驗。然而，十九世紀金融家只是關注如何閱讀和回應自動收報機，卻忽略了自動收報機帶來的真正的權力重組。本文認為，在19世紀60年代至90年代之間，倫敦證券交易所和交易所電報公司通過支撐自動收報機系統的普通基礎設施，對金融信息的散布和傳輸進行了強有力的集中控制。這些機構利用電池的放置、電路的建設以及電線電纜的鋪設等看似技術性的問題，搭建了一個自動收報機系統，將金融信息不等地分發給英國各地的金融家和投資者。到19世紀末，關于誰應該獲得金融信息和市場，以及以什么條件獲得等社會和政治問題，與現代金融物質基礎設施的普通技術問題無助地交織在一起。

（使用股票自動收報機的倫敦證券交易所工作人員在工作）

02第四期

Volume 23 - Issue 4 - December 2022

《企業與社會》

1.Uncertainty: Staple Credit and the Measurement of Later Medieval “Business Confidence”

《不確定性：基本信貸和中世紀晚期“商業信心”的度量》

作者：RICHARD GODDARD

摘要：

Business confidence is a measure of optimism or pessimism that managers feel about the commercial prospects for their organizations. This paper uses later medieval high-value English credit data as a proxy gauge of merchants’ business confidence or uncertainty. It discusses whether mercantile restriction of credit during the fifteenth-century recession reflects uncertainty, whereby merchants became increasingly risk-averse and so reduced the amount of credit they extended to their customers. It discusses the chronological trends in English lending between 1353 and 1532. This paper examines medieval debt restructuring and argues that this might similarly reflect merchants’ commercial confidence or uncertainty. In contrasting two sample years (1375 and 1433), the paper seeks to identify the motivations and influences that lay behind medieval merchants’ business decisions more fully. It argues that merchants’ investment behavior was guided more by local commercial circumstances than it was by profound economic shocks, such as plague and bullion famine.

商業信心是管理者衡量其組織商業前景的樂觀或者悲觀指標。本文使用中世紀后期價值較高的英國信用數據作為商人的商業信心或者不確定性的指標依據。它一方面討論了15世紀經濟衰退期間商業信貸的限制是否反映了不確定性，由此商人變得日益厭惡風險并且隨之減少了他們向客戶提供的信貸數量，另一方面還討論了1353年到1532年英國借款的時間趨勢。本文考察了中世紀的債務重組并認為債務重組同樣有可能反映出商人的商業信心或者不確定性。通過對比兩個樣本年份（1375年和1433年），本文試圖更全面地確定中世紀商人商業決策背后的動機和影響。文章認為商人們的投資行為更多地被商業環境引導，而不是被諸如瘟疫和“黃金大饑荒”等深刻的經濟沖擊所影響。

2. Business Establishment Opposition to Southern Ireland’s Exit from the United Kingdom

《商業機構反對南愛爾蘭退出聯合王國》

作者：FRANK BARRY

摘要：

After more than a century of political and economic integration, Southern Ireland exited the United Kingdom in 1922. By identifying the leading business firms of the era and the political and religious allegiances of their owners, this paper explores the perspective of the Southern Irish business establishment on the issues involved. While the mass of the population was Catholic and by 1918 favored secession, the business elite is shown to have been predominantly Protestant and strongly supportive of continued integration. Business elite perceptions of the consequences of exiting the United Kingdom are explored, and post-independence economic and business developments assessed in light of the concerns expressed at the time. The paper also charts the post-independence fate of the leading former unionist firms and the erosion and eventual disappearance of the sectarian divisions then prevalent in Irish business life.

經過一個多世紀的政治和經濟一體化之后，南愛爾蘭在1922年退出聯合王國。本文通過鑒別該時代的一流商業公司以及公司所有者的政治和宗教忠誠度，探討了南愛爾蘭的商業機構對相關問題的看法。雖然該地區的大部分人口是天主教徒并且直到1918年仍贊成脫離聯合王國，但是商業精英中新教徒占支配地位并且強烈支持繼續融合。商業精英對退出聯合王國后果的看法亦被探討，并根據當時表現出的擔憂評估了獨立后的經濟和商業發展。同時，本文還描繪了獨立后過去支持統一的主要公司的命運，以及在愛爾蘭商業生活中普遍存在的教派分歧逐漸減少并最終消失的過程。

（地圖：獨立后的南部愛爾蘭地區與北愛爾蘭）

3. Systems of Male Privilege: The Industrial Relations Policies of the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s

《男性特權制度：1940年代福特汽車公司的勞資關系政策》

作者：BRETT THEODORE MORRITT

摘要：

This article examines the industrial relations systems constructed by Ford and United Automobile Workers (UAW) leaders for the Ford Motor Company in the 1940s. Ford’s industrial relations systems extended privileges to men and male-dominated groups to the detriment of their female counterparts and women seeking employment and advancement. Systemic male privilege was integral to Ford’s operations throughout conversion to military production for World War II and reconversion back to civilian production.

本文考察了在1940年代福特和全美汽車工人聯合會（UAW）的領導人為福特汽車公司建立的勞資關系制度。福特的勞資關系制度將特權擴大到男性和男性占主導地位的群體，損害了女性同行和尋求就業與晉升的婦女。系統性的男性特權是福特公司在整個第二次世界大戰期間轉向軍事生產和重新轉回民用生產過程中不可或缺的一部分。

（位于密歇根州迪爾伯恩的福特全球總部，又名“玻璃屋”）

4. Regulating Resort Revelry: Alcohol, Music, and the Entertainment Market in Miami Beach, 1935–1955

《調節度假區的狂歡：邁阿密海灘上的酒精、音樂和娛樂市場，1935-1955年》

作者：KEITH D. REVELL

摘要：

Miami Beach was the nation’s premier winter resort between the 1930s and the 1950s. The city attracted a diverse crowd of visitors, some interested in a peaceful respite from the frigid north, others drawn by the drinking, dancing, and musical entertainment offered by its many bars and nightclubs. As part of an elaborate effort to sustain the city’s lively symbiotic urban leisure-services economy, the Miami Beach City Council addressed three types of market failures: chaotic competition, interproducer conflicts, and monopolistic business practices. This article demonstrates how these practices expressed a coherent vernacular philosophy of regulated capitalism arising from the city’s identity as a collective economic enterprise.

邁阿密海灘是1930年代到1950年代美國最著名的冬季度假勝地。這座城市吸引了各類游客群體：其中一些來自寒冷北方的游客想在此享受片刻安寧，另一些游客則被此地眾多的酒吧和夜總會所提供的飲品、舞蹈和音樂娛樂項目所吸引。邁阿密海灘城市議會精心制定了一項措施，努力維持與該市活躍共生的城市休閑服務經濟，并解決了三類市場失靈狀況：混亂的競爭、中間生產商的矛盾和壟斷商業行為。本文論證了這些實踐行為如何表達出一種連貫的、本土的、可調節的資本主義哲學，而這種哲學則來自城市作為集體經濟企業的身份。

（邁阿密海灘）

5. Sole Traders? The Role of the Extended Family in Eighteenth-Century Atlantic Business Networks

《個體戶？大家庭對18世紀大西洋商業網絡的作用》

作者：Sophie H. Jones, Siobhan Talbott

摘要：

Despite significant developments in understanding the role of women in early-modern business, more is needed to fully understand women’s impact on eighteenth-century trading networks. Further, much less is known about the role of wider family members, especially children, in the eighteenth-century Atlantic economy. The formal documentation that is privileged in business histories does not tell the whole story, and it frequently represents mercantile activity as a pursuit dominated by a patriarch at the center of a trading network. This article explores eighteenth-century familial commercial networks through extensive use of the personal family correspondence of three merchant families who lived and traded within different locales of the northern Atlantic: Hugh Hall, a merchant and vice judge of the admiralty in Barbados; the Black family, who were wine merchants in Bordeaux; and Joseph Symson, a mercer and shopkeeper from Kendal, England. This article will show that women appear as autonomous players with the power and ability to make informed and independent decisions that directed the business interests of their families. Moreover, it includes an assessment of the ways in which merchants cultivated the expertise of their extended families to enhance their commercial networks and advance their business pursuits. Focusing on children who supported or enhanced the prosperity of the family firm, this article emphasizes that their participation was intentional, not incidental. This article asks questions about the emotional consequences of such activity—which have rarely been considered in any detail—as well as the financial benefit of operating in this manner.

雖然我們對理解婦女在現代早期商業中所起的作用取得了重大進展，但是想要充分了解婦女在18世紀貿易網絡中的影響還需要做更多的工作。此外，人們對于比較多的其他家庭成員，特別是兒童對18世紀大西洋經濟所起的作用知之甚少。在商業史中特許保密的正式文件沒有說明全部情況，并且它經常將商業活動描述為一種追求，這種追求在貿易網絡中被家族族長所主導。本文通過廣泛使用在北大西洋不同地區生活和貿易的三個商人家族的私人家庭信件，來探索18世紀的家族商業網絡。這三個家族分別是：既是商人又是巴巴多斯海軍法庭副法官的休·豪爾；波爾多的葡萄酒商人布萊克家族；來自英格蘭肯德爾的布商和雜貨店主約瑟夫·西姆森。本文將向大家展示婦女作為自主參與者，有權力和能力做出有見識的、獨立的并且能指向她們家庭利益的決定。另外，文章還評價了商人如何培養其大家庭專業知識，以增強他們的商業網絡和推進他們的商業追求。本文通過聚焦支持或者促進家族企業繁榮的兒童，來強調他們的參與是有意的而不是偶然的。同時，本文還針對這些活動的情感后果和以這種方式運營的經濟效益提出相關問題，但這些問題很少被學界詳細考慮過。

（休·豪爾）

6. Exploring the Limits of the Limited Partnership: The Case of the Bank of Twente, 1860s–1920s

《探索有限合伙制度的界限：以1860年代到1920年代的特溫特銀行為例》

作者：Amaury de Vicq

摘要：

This paper presents a detailed historical account of the Bank of Twente (Twentsche Bankvereeniging), launched in 1861 and, for most of the subsequent decades, the largest, fastest-growing, and most profitable bank in the Netherlands. It follows the narrative analysis approach to illustrate that the circumscribed use of a limited partnership was rooted in the organizational form having a flaw of its own that, under particular circumstances, created serious agency costs. As the bank grew, so did the agency costs, finally forcing the bank to incorporate in 1917.

本文詳細介紹了特溫特銀行（Twentsche Bankvereeniging）的歷史：它建立于1861年，在之后幾十年中的大部分時間里，它都是荷蘭最大、增長最快、利潤最多的銀行。本文遵循敘事分析法來闡明有限合伙制度的限定用途是根植于一個自身存在缺陷的組織形式之中。在特定的條件下，它會產生大量的代理費用。隨著銀行的發展，代理費也隨之增加，最終迫使特溫特銀行于1917年組成公司。

（特溫特銀行經多次合并后的現狀：荷蘭銀行（ABN AMRO））