一、生物學特征與棲息環境
田螺（田螺科Viviparidae）是淡水生態系統的關鍵物種，全球分布約150種，中國常見中華圓田螺等。其生理結構展現高度適應性：

1.形態特征
螺旋形鈣質外殼（57層螺層），殼高28厘米，具厴板封閉殼口
頭部具1對觸角（眼位于基部），腹足發達，爬行速度35米/小時
鰓呼吸為主，部分種類可皮膚輔助呼吸（如干旱時閉殼休眠）
2.棲息偏好
靜水或緩流環境（稻田/池塘/溪流），水深0.52米
底質要求：腐殖質豐富的軟泥（pH6.58.5），避光性強
二、生活習性與生態作用
田螺通過獨特行為維系種群繁衍與生態平衡：
1.食性與攝食
刮食性：齒舌銼取藻類/有機碎屑，日食量達體重的20%
凈化水體：單只年過濾50升水，減少藍藻爆發風險
2.繁殖策略
雌雄異體，胎生繁殖（幼螺在母體內發育）
年產23胎，每胎3080只幼螺，幼體出生即具生存能力
3.環境響應
干旱時閉殼休眠達6個月，遇水3小時內復蘇
溫度低于8℃時鉆入底泥越冬，耐寒極限5℃
三、人螺關系與利用價值
田螺在飲食、醫藥及生態監測中具多重意義：
1.食用處理
安全處理：
?清水浸養3天（換水2次/日）促排沙
?剪尾后沸水焯煮15分鐘滅寄生蟲
經典做法：
?紫蘇炒田螺（去腥提鮮）
?田螺釀肉（螺肉與豬肉混合回填）https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169127483899925
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2.藥用價值
《本草綱目》載其"利水消腫"，現代研究顯示：
?螺肉含牛磺酸（護肝成分）
?殼煅燒后可治胃酸過多
3.生態警示
重金屬富集能力：殼層生長紋可追溯水質污染史
入侵風險：福壽螺等外來種威脅本土生態
四、保護與可持續利用
1.養殖技術
稻田套養模式：每畝投放500800只，提升綜合收益30%
水質管理：溶解氧需＞5mg/L，氨氮＜0.5mg/L
2.食用禁忌
死螺絕對禁食（腐敗產生尸胺毒素）
寄生蟲高風險區需20℃冷凍24小時再烹飪
當田螺在稻根間緩緩爬行，這些"水下清道夫"正以億萬年的進化智慧維系著淡水生態的微妙平衡。從《齊民要術》的養殖記載到現代環境監測，它們始終是自然與人文交織的活態遺產。