一、生物學(xué)特性與生態(tài)角色
天牛（天牛科Cerambycidae）是鞘翅目中危害林木最嚴(yán)重的類群之一，全球已知超26,000種，中國(guó)分布約2,300種。其獨(dú)特的生存策略兼具生態(tài)價(jià)值與危害性：

1.形態(tài)特征
成蟲：體長(zhǎng)465mm，觸角長(zhǎng)度可達(dá)體長(zhǎng)3倍（如泰坦大天牛體長(zhǎng)16.7cm），鞘翅堅(jiān)硬且具金屬光澤或保護(hù)色，前胸背板常具刺突。
幼蟲：頭部縮入前胸，上顎分鑿形與斜凹兩種，腹部具步泡突便于在蛀道內(nèi)移動(dòng)。
2.生活史
完全變態(tài)發(fā)育，壽命15年（幼蟲期占90%），成蟲壽命僅10天至2個(gè)月，以幼蟲或成蟲在樹干內(nèi)越冬。https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169551863316973
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產(chǎn)卵方式多樣：光肩星天牛刻“T”形槽產(chǎn)卵，桑天牛則選擇楊柳樹皮裂縫。
3.生態(tài)雙面性
自然林中分解衰弱木，促進(jìn)物質(zhì)循環(huán)；入侵城市后危害健康樹木，如南京法國(guó)梧桐受害率達(dá)90%。
二、主要危害與識(shí)別特征
天牛對(duì)林木的破壞具有隱蔽性和持續(xù)性，需重點(diǎn)關(guān)注以下種類：
1.高危害種類
松墨天牛：傳播松材線蟲病，致松樹大規(guī)模死亡，是中國(guó)松林頭號(hào)害蟲。
光肩星天牛：蛀食懸鈴木、楊柳，蛀道橫向擴(kuò)展致樹木風(fēng)折。
云斑天牛：23年1代，蛀空樹干基部，排泄孔排出鋸末狀蟲糞。
2.危害癥狀
初期：樹皮出現(xiàn)刻槽、流膠，幼蟲蛀食韌皮部致枝葉萎蔫。
后期：木質(zhì)部蛀空，樹干表面可見通氣孔及堆積蟲糞，遇風(fēng)易斷。
三、綜合防治技術(shù)體系
結(jié)合生物、物理和化學(xué)方法，構(gòu)建多層次防控網(wǎng)絡(luò)：
1.生物防治
天敵釋放：花絨寄甲幼蟲寄生天牛幼蟲，江北區(qū)投放4萬(wàn)頭后松墨天牛死亡率提升40%。
性信息素誘殺：潮州茶區(qū)誘捕四脊茶天牛，高峰期單誘捕器捕獲11.6頭。
2.物理防治
人工捕殺：6月成蟲羽化期人工捕捉，或錘擊刻槽滅卵。
阻隔技術(shù)：樹干涂刷石灰漿（水:生石灰:硫磺=10:3:0.5）阻止產(chǎn)卵。
3.化學(xué)防治
精準(zhǔn)施藥：幼蟲期用40%氧化樂(lè)果乳油5倍液注射蛀孔，棉簽封口增強(qiáng)藥效。
注意事項(xiàng)：避免廣譜殺蟲劑，保護(hù)啄木鳥、寄生蜂等天敵。
四、生態(tài)防控與可持續(xù)管理
1.樹種優(yōu)化
混交抗性樹種（如樟樹、楠木），減少單一樹種誘集效應(yīng)。
2.監(jiān)測(cè)預(yù)警
利用GIS技術(shù)標(biāo)記蟲害樹，810年周期防控（天牛種群波動(dòng)規(guī)律）。
3.公眾參與
社區(qū)科普識(shí)別培訓(xùn)，南京市民參與梧桐樹天牛清理。
當(dāng)天牛在樹干內(nèi)無(wú)聲蛀蝕，這些“林木刺客”正以億萬(wàn)年的進(jìn)化智慧挑戰(zhàn)人類生態(tài)防線。從《本草綱目》的記載到現(xiàn)代生物防治，對(duì)抗天牛需融合科技與自然之力——唯有了解敵人，方能守護(hù)青山。