仲夏時節(jié),在位于毛烏素沙地邊緣的寧夏靈武市白芨灘國家級自然保護區(qū),道路兩邊一叢叢檸條、花棒、沙柳、沙拐棗等沙生植物,覆蓋在綿延起伏的沙丘上,茂密生長、生機盎然;向保護區(qū)腹地行進,高矮不一的林草看不到盡頭,通過無人機鏡頭俯瞰,一條綠色屏障挺立在毛烏素沙地西南邊緣,仿佛一條橫亙沙海的“生命線”。
當(dāng)滿眼綠意漸盛,沙漠不見蹤影時,順著林間小路不經(jīng)意走進一片充滿野趣的自然空間:挺拔高聳的白楊樹、樟子松擋住夏日驕陽,槐樹、蘋果樹、棗樹等組成叢林景觀;梅花鹿、馴鹿在林下草地悠然漫步,不時發(fā)出呦呦鹿鳴……
這里是白芨灘國家級自然保護區(qū)管理局打造的“青綠蒔光鹿?fàn)I地”,以綠色康養(yǎng)為核心,融合觀光、餐飲、研學(xué)、采摘、露營等為一體,分為鹿鳴苑、林宿區(qū)、森餐區(qū)、聽風(fēng)區(qū)四大區(qū)域,游客可以在這里放松身心、親近自然。
這樣的白芨灘,很難看出曾經(jīng)茫茫沙海的影子。然而當(dāng)時間指針撥回20世紀50年代,彼時的白芨灘卻是另一番景象:村莊屋舍、農(nóng)田溝渠被沙漠步步緊逼,沙漠距離黃河最近處只有5公里,當(dāng)?shù)厝罕婏柺苌澈χ唷?/p>
為了生存、發(fā)展,過去70余年里,三代治沙人在白芨灘艱苦創(chuàng)業(yè)、治沙造綠,因地制宜、因水施策,逐漸形成以草方格固沙技術(shù)為核心,多種先進適用技術(shù)相配合的“1+4”治沙造林“技術(shù)套餐”。累計完成治沙造林68萬畝,控制流沙面積近百萬畝,在毛烏素沙地西南邊緣筑起一道綠色屏障,擋住了沙漠南移西擴,使沙漠從黃河邊緣后退20公里……
今年世界防治荒漠化和干旱日的主題為“恢復(fù)土地,釋放機遇”。在白芨灘,隨著綠染沙海、綠量增加,荒漠生態(tài)系統(tǒng)修復(fù)成效凸顯,曾經(jīng)一片荒蕪的“生命禁區(qū)”開始孕育無限生機和希望。
昆蟲、鳥類、小獸類回歸,野生動植物種群數(shù)量增加,生物多樣性逐步顯現(xiàn)。如今,沙蘆葦、沙冬青等311種植物在這里扎根,山雞、野兔、狐貍等129種動物在這里落戶。近兩年,紅外相機還監(jiān)拍到虎鼬、豹貓……
不僅如此,白芨灘的沙產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展也充滿生機活力。過去幾十年間,治沙人在沙漠腹地和近生活區(qū)分別營造沙生灌木林、喬灌混交林,在這兩道生態(tài)屏障保護下,選擇沙區(qū)邊緣有水條件的地方推沙造田,發(fā)展特色林果、生態(tài)養(yǎng)殖、林下種植等產(chǎn)業(yè),并整合資源優(yōu)勢,發(fā)展研學(xué)教育、森林康養(yǎng)為主的生態(tài)旅游,形成“六位一體”沙產(chǎn)業(yè)多元化發(fā)展模式。
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近幾年,白芨灘持續(xù)開辟沙產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展新賽道,利用林下綠蔭環(huán)境,打造“青綠蒔光鹿?fàn)I地”和棗博園萌寵動物科普園,成為森林康養(yǎng)打卡熱門地;探索培育森林康養(yǎng)產(chǎn)品,研發(fā)桑葚酒、桑葉茶、桑葚干以及鹿茸系列產(chǎn)品……2024年全年實現(xiàn)沙產(chǎn)業(yè)及多種經(jīng)營收入4400多萬元。
“現(xiàn)在的生活真是有了翻天覆地的變化!”在白芨灘國家級自然保護區(qū)管理局大泉管理站,治沙職工李國寶種了6畝露地韭菜、承包了4座設(shè)施大棚,夫妻倆承包管護800畝防護林,這個家庭每年的工資和產(chǎn)業(yè)收入約20萬元。
白芨灘國家級自然保護區(qū)管理局局長王興東說,通過發(fā)展沙產(chǎn)業(yè),白芨灘不斷增強自身造血功能,治沙工人的生活越變越好,治沙事業(yè)也保持永續(xù)動力。
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