大外交青年智庫·深圳
Glory Diplomacy
讓中國外交青年智慧被全球看見
為中國青年智庫代言
大外交青年智庫基式外交研究中心
作者:亨利?A?基辛格
譯者:大外交青年智庫基式外交研究中心
來源:《基式外交研究》2025年第18期“經典文獻重譯”專欄文章
審定:基式外交研究中心學術委員會
文源:Kissinger, Henry A. "The Rules on Preventive Force." The Washington Post, April 9, 2006.
聲明:基式外交研究中心轉載、編譯與翻譯的內容均為非商業性引用(學術研究),不作商用,版權歸原作者所有。如有問題請即刻聯系,如需轉載請注明出處
郵箱:fydwjzhuanyong@126.com
一、摘要
美國新版國家安全戰略延續“先發制人”承諾卻未引發如2002年的爭議,折射國際社會對新型威脅認知的深化。傳統國際法框架下,自衛權限于抵御迫在眉睫的攻擊,但現代大規模殺傷性武器擴散與非國家行為體威脅,迫使規則重構。當前戰略困境在于:最佳行動時機往往伴隨情報真空,而威脅成形時已錯失干預窗口,丘吉爾警示納粹崛起的歷史教訓印證此悖論。基辛格厘清“先發制人”與“預防性武力”本質差異:前者針對已顯現攻擊意圖的實體(如恐怖組織),后者則針對未來潛在威脅。美國冷戰時未打擊中蘇核計劃表明,預防性武力不適用于已擁核國家,除非其直接實施侵略。防擴散成為核心議題,但策略存在分歧:技術學派主張武力遏止擴散進程,政權性質學派則區別對待“友好”與“敵對”擁核國。現實政策需平衡兩者,承認擴散本身構成系統性風險。人道干預困境凸顯國際體系缺陷——無直接威脅時,盧旺達式種族屠殺亦難觸發行動。結論強調:預防性戰略需轉化為可操作機制,通過多邊協商構建新秩序。大國須超越單邊主義,在共同依賴全球經濟、共擔失控風險的現實下,協同建立危機前預防體系,避免以災難為改革代價。
二、中文
美國近期發布的第二份四年一度國家安全戰略報告未如2002年版般引發爭議,此現象值得深思。尤其值得注意的是,新版戰略聲明在措辭上完整保留了2002年版本中關于“先發制人戰略”的承諾。
當先發制人原則首度提出時,國際社會普遍質疑其違背了歷經三個世紀演進、最終載入1945年《聯合國憲章》的國際體系基本原則。雖然憲章第二條禁止侵犯他國“領土完整或政治獨立”,第五十一條確認國家自衛權的普遍適用,但法律框架的模糊性并未妨礙其有效運轉。當時大規模殺傷性武器擴散速度相對緩慢,非國家行為體獲取此類武器的可能性更屬天方夜譚。國際社會之所以廣泛反對單邊擴展自衛權,實因各國不愿接受由單一國家主導定義并實施此類權利。
新版戰略獲得相對緩和的國際反應,部分源于各國對新型威脅的認知深化,部分得益于美國外交政策的調適為協商創造了新空間。國際社會正逐步接受一個現實:現代科技與國際實踐已內嵌先發制人要素,現有規則亟待重新審視——聯合國秘書長近期收到的高級別專家組報告正印證此趨勢。
先發制人戰略建立在無法即時驗證的假設之上:行動窗口最大時,情報信息卻最為匱乏;待情報充分時,行動窗口往往已關閉。若丘吉爾的預警被及時采納,納粹瘟疫本可以極低成本消滅。然而十年后,數千萬人因1930年代政治家對“確定性”的執著追求而付出生命代價。
美國政策必須駕馭這種不確定性,核心命題在于如何界定威脅,以及通過何種機制實施反制。若各國自行定義先發制人權,規則缺失必將導致國際失序而非秩序。必須建立普世性原則與實施機制,否則將助長大規模殺傷性武器擴散。
固然,美國與其他主權國家一樣,終將捍衛其核心國家利益——必要時單方面行動。但美國國家利益同樣要求推動他國對國家利益的界定盡可能與其趨同。任何將國際秩序主要寄托于單邊優勢武力的路徑,都將導向戰略透支的宿命。
首先需明確,美國戰略學說中的“先發制人”不同于傳統定義。傳統意義上的先發制人適用于已具備造成重大不可逆損害能力、且明確顯示即將發動攻擊的對手。在此情形下的單邊動武權已獲相當程度認可。當前最顯見的適用對象是盤踞主權國家領土、具備傳統國家行為體威脅能力的恐怖組織。這類組織既無法威懾(因其無實質資產可損毀),亦無法通過外交途徑解決(因其目標非妥協而是消滅對手)。
戰略學說引發的根本性爭議在于“預防性使用武力”:即針對尚未迫在眉睫但未來可能形成壓倒性威脅的預防措施。需注意,預防性武力不適用于已確立的核大國。冷戰巔峰時期美國未對蘇聯核力量、深度敵對時期未對中國核計劃采取行動,正說明除非核大國實際實施或即將實施侵略行為,否則不會觸發預防性打擊。
預防性武力問題折射國際體系的深層變革。威斯特伐利亞體系以邊界神圣不可侵犯為安全基石,而現代武器的威力、射程與速度已使這一定義過于狹隘。
當前預防性外交的核心任務在于應對新興擁核國家。美國有充分動機阻止大規模殺傷性武器(特別是核武器)落入不當主體。而新興大國動機恰恰相反:加速獲取核武(受阻則發展生化武器),既為國家安全,亦為激進政策提供保障。任何防擴散外交成果都需為棄核國家提供安全保障。當外交努力失敗時,預防性政策將面臨真正考驗。
關于如何平衡此問題存在兩種學派:第一派認為擴散過程本身蘊含致命危險。該派指出,二戰前國家僅在遭受攻擊或面臨足以動搖國際安全均勢的侵略時方可合法宣戰。但當代權力要素已轉向技術而非領土。大規模殺傷性武器的存在本身即構成力量倍增器,其威懾效應在雙極核格局中尚可勉強維持,但隨著擁核國家增多,威懾機制將復雜至不可操作。因此必須將武力作為阻止核擴散的最后手段。
另一思路則區分友好國家與敵對政權。美國默許印度、巴基斯坦、以色列發展核技術,因其目標被認為符合美國長期利益;強烈反對伊朗、朝鮮擁核,因其政權性質與行為記錄構成威脅。有觀點甚至主張最佳防擴散政策就是顛覆朝伊政權。這暗示美國防擴散政策更關注政權性質而非擴散事實。但明智戰略應認識到擴散本身即構成威脅,良性政府可緩解但無法消除這種威脅。
特殊情形是人道主義干預——僅間接威脅美國安全時,預防性武力需以捍衛美國社會或國際社會核心價值為正當性基礎。吊詭的是,此類干預沖動在盧旺達、達爾富爾等種族滅絕事件中反而最難實施,因無國家感到直接威脅,導致單邊或多邊行動均告闕如——這實為國際體系及其主導者的重大失職。
基于歷史經驗可得出以下結論:戰略文件強調國際環境變遷及預防性戰略必要性確屬真知灼見。但理論闡述僅是第一步,必須將概念應用于具體突發事件,從威脅、結果、后果多維度分析行動方案。結論需超越政策聲明,形成可操作行動計劃,并通過國會參與獲取可持續公眾支持。最后,預防性武力政策欲維系國際體系,必須確保美國的單邊行動成為罕見例外而非戰略常態。
其他主要國家同樣肩負嚴肅責任:須正視新挑戰,避免將其視為美國專屬責任。盡管有違歷史經驗,但構建共同應對機制或許可行——因為所謂“大國”已無通過軍事沖突獲益的空間。各國均深度依賴全球經濟體系,均面臨意識形態與武器失控的威脅,均應意識到:一旦爆發大規模殺傷性武器使用或文明沖突,民眾必將要求某種形式的預防性外交。真正的挑戰在于:如何在尚未經歷災難洗禮的情形下,構建起有效的國際秩序。
三、英文
The recent publication of the second quadrennial administration statement on national strategy passed without the controversy that marked its predecessor in 2002. This is all the more remarkable because the statement reiterates the U.S. commitment to a strategy of preemption in exactly the same words contained in the 2002 version.
When the doctrine of preemption was first put forward, it was attacked as being contrary to generally accepted principles of the international system – principles that had evolved over three centuries and were enshrined in the United Nations Charter in 1945. Though the Charter provisions were ambiguous – Article 2 prohibits all use of force “against the territorial integrity or political independence” of another state, and Article 51 recognizes a universal right of national self-defense – the legal framework worked well enough. Weapons of mass destruction spread relatively slowly, and the possibility of their being acquired by groups other than governments was yet beyond imagination. Hence the extension of the right of self-defense was widely rejected, because the rest of the international community did not accept a definition put forward by one country that reserved to itself the right to implement it.
This year’s report was received with less hostility, partly because other countries have more experience with the emerging threats and partly because a more conciliatory U.S. diplomacy has left new scope for consultation. It is being reluctantly recognized that preemption may be so built into modern technology and international practice that some reconsideration of existing rules is overdue, and a high-level group has reported to that effect to the U.N. secretary general.
Preemptive strategy is based on assumptions that cannot be proved when they are made. When the scope for action is greatest, knowledge is at a minimum. When knowledge has been acquired, the scope for preemption has often disappeared. Had Churchill’s early warning been heeded, the Nazi plague could have been destroyed at relatively little cost. A decade later, tens of millions had paid with their lives for the quest for certainty of statesmen of the 1930s.
American policy needs to navigate this element of uncertainty. The key question becomes: How is the threat to be defined, and through what institutions can resistance to it be implemented? If each nation claims the right to define its preemptive rights for itself, the absence of any rules would spell international chaos, not order. Some universal, generally accepted principles need to be matched with the machinery of their operation. Any other approach would create additional incentives for spreading weapons of mass destruction.
Of course, the United States, like any other sovereign nation, will in the end defend its vital national interests – if necessary, alone. But it also has a national interest in making the definition of national interest of other nations as much parallel to its own as possible. Any course that relies for international order primarily on unilateral superior force defines a trajectory toward doomed overextension.
A first step is to recognize that the American Strategic Doctrine does not really talk about what is commonly defined as preemptive action. Preemption applies to an adversary possessing a capacity to do great, potentially irreversible damage, coupled with the demonstrated will to do so imminently. The right to use force unilaterally in such circumstances has been more or less accepted. In that sense the most obvious targets for preemptive strategy are terrorist organizations operating from the territory of sovereign states and capable of generating threats that were heretofore an attribute of the nation state. These organizations cannot be deterred because they have nothing tangible to lose and because they have shadowy means to obscure the origin of their attack. Nor can they be dealt with by diplomacy, because their objective generally is not compromise but the destruction of their adversary.
The deeper issue raised by the administration’s Strategic Doctrine concerns what is generally defined as the preventive use of force: measures to forestall the emergence of a threat not yet imminent but capable, at some point in the future, of being potentially overwhelming.
It follows that preventive force is not an issue applicable to relations with an established major nuclear adversary. First-strike threats against established nuclear powers might, if such powers felt their weapons were very vulnerable, tempt them to make a preemptive strike of their own. If the United States did not act against the emerging Soviet nuclear power at the height of the Cold War or against that of China during the period of deep hostility, it is not likely to use force against an established nuclear power unless that power engages or is on the verge of engaging in actual aggression – conduct justifying preemption.
The issue of preventive force symbolizes the upheaval in the international system. The Westphalian system sought security based on the sanctity of international borders. In our time, the power, range and speed of modern weapons have made this definition too narrow.
Thus the issue of proliferation to states that until now have not had nuclear weapons emerges as one of the key tasks of preventive diplomacy. The United States has an obvious incentive to prevent the spread of weapons of mass destruction, especially of nuclear weapons, into the wrong hands. For aspiring great powers, the incentive is precisely the opposite: to acquire nuclear weapons as rapidly as possible and, if thwarted, to develop chemical or biological weapons – either for their own security or as a safety net for assertive or revolutionary policies. Any diplomatic outcome to the proliferation issue, therefore, depends in part on whether diplomacy is able to generate security assurances for the country asked to forgo nuclear weapons. The test of preventive policy will come if such efforts fail.
How should that balance be struck? One school of thought holds the view that mortal danger is inherent in the process of proliferation. It points out that, until the outbreak of World War II, a country could legitimately go to war if it was attacked or if an aggressor brought about a change in the global balance of power of a magnitude to threaten international security. But in the contemporary world, the coin of power is technology, not territory. Modern weapons of mass destruction, by their very existence, bring about an increase in a country’s power vastly exceeding what could be achieved by any conceivable territorial acquisition. The very existence of these weapons, according to this school of thought, produces a preemptive incentive; the balance of terror that was precariously maintained in a two-power nuclear world weakens with each new entrant into the ranks of states possessing weapons of mass destruction. Deterrence becomes impossibly complicated when many balances have to be considered by many different actors simultaneously. Hence, in this view, the emergence of nuclear weapons power must be prevented as a last resort by force.
Another approach makes a distinction between friendly and threatening countries. The United States has acquiesced in the development of nuclear weapons technology in India, Pakistan and Israel because the purpose of these states was believed compatible with long-range American objectives. The United States has strongly opposed the spread of weapons of mass destruction to Iran and North Korea because they are governed by hostile, autocratic regimes and have records of ruthless international conduct. Indeed, a not insignificant school of thought holds that the best anti-proliferation policy – at least in these cases – is to overthrow the North Korean and Iranian regimes. That implies America’s anti-proliferation policy is concerned not so much with the fact of proliferation as with the nature of the regime that acquires these weapons. Does this mean that America would acquiesce in the acquisition of nuclear weapons by elected governments? A realistic policy will bring a resolution to this debate and emphasize that a wise strategy will recognize the threat inherent in the very fact of proliferation, which can be mitigated but not ended by the existence of benevolent government.
A special case is humanitarian intervention, which applies to circumstances that threaten American security only indirectly. In these cases, the preventive use of force can be justified only on the ground that it resists offenses to values considered essential by American society or by the international community rather than to one’s security.
Strangely, the impulse towards preventive intervention has proved most difficult to apply to genocidal events like the massacres in Rwanda and Darfur. The fact that no country felt directly threatened prevented both unilateral and multilateral action – not to the credit of the international system or its principal exponents.
These earlier applications of preventive force suggest the following conclusions:
The analysis underlying the Strategic Doctrine document is correct in emphasizing the changes in the international environment and the propensity (or perhaps even necessity) they create toward some forms of preventive strategy. But stating the theory is only a first step. The concept must be applied to specific, concrete contingencies; courses of action need to be analyzed in terms not only of threats but of outcomes and consequences. Conclusions must go beyond position papers to plans of action capable of being carried out on the working level and include enough congressional participation to bring about sustainable public support. Finally, a policy that allows for preventive force can sustain the international system only if solitary American enterprises are the rare exception, not the basic rule of U.S. strategy.
The other major nations have a similar responsibility to take the new challenges seriously and to treat them as something beyond the sole responsibility of America. A common approach, however contrary to historical experience, may be possible because what used to be called the “great powers” have nothing to gain by military conflict with each other. They are all more or less dependent on the global economic system. They are all threatened if ideology and weapons run out of control. They should know that, after the use of weapons of mass destruction or universal carnage due to a clash of civilizations, their publics will demand some form of preventive diplomacy. The challenge is to build a viable international order without the impetus of having barely survived catastrophe.
四、譯文拾貝
Preemption strategy(先發制人戰略)
中文解釋:指國家在面臨明確且迫在眉睫的威脅時,采取主動軍事行動以消除威脅的戰略。該理論突破了傳統自衛權的限制,強調在威脅形成前進行打擊,其合法性存在國際爭議。
原文語境:"the U.S. commitment to a strategy of preemption in exactly the same words contained in the 2002 version"
Doctrine of preemption(先發制人主義)
中文解釋:一種外交政策理論,主張國家有權在潛在威脅尚未轉化為實際攻擊前采取軍事行動。該主義因可能被濫用為單邊主義工具而廣受批評,與《聯合國憲章》第 51 條自衛權的“必要性”和“緊迫性”要求存在沖突。
原文語境:"the doctrine of preemption was first put forward, it was attacked as being contrary to generally accepted principles"
United Nations Charter(《聯合國憲章》)
中文解釋:1945 年建立的國際組織基本法,確立了主權平等、禁止使用武力(第 2 條)、集體安全(第 7 章)和自衛權(第 51 條)等核心原則,是現代國際法的基石。
原文語境:"principles that had evolved over three centuries and were enshrined in the United Nations Charter in 1945"
Weapons of mass destruction (WMD)(大規模殺傷性武器)
中文解釋:具有大規模殺傷能力的武器,包括核武器、生物武器和化學武器。其擴散被視為對全球安全的重大威脅,受《不擴散核武器條約》等國際機制管控。
原文語境:"Weapons of mass destruction spread relatively slowly"
Right of national self-defense(國家自衛權)
中文解釋:《聯合國憲章》第 51 條賦予國家在遭受武裝攻擊時采取必要自衛措施的權利。國際法要求自衛行動需符合“必要性”和“比例性”原則,且需立即報告安理會。
原文語境:"Article 51 recognizes a universal right of national self-defense"
International system principles(國際體系原則)
中文解釋:指威斯特伐利亞體系以來形成的主權平等、不干涉內政、和平解決爭端等基本原則,構成現代國際關系的規范基礎。
原文語境:"contrary to generally accepted principles of the international system"
Preventive use of force(預防性使用武力)
中文解釋:針對未來可能構成威脅的潛在能力使用武力,其威脅尚未達到“迫在眉睫”的程度。該行為缺乏明確國際法依據,易引發對濫用武力的擔憂。
原文語境:"what is generally defined as the preventive use of force"
Balance of terror(恐怖平衡)
中文解釋:核威懾理論中的核心概念,指兩個核大國因相互確保摧毀(MAD)而形成的脆弱穩定狀態。該平衡隨核武器擴散而削弱。
原文語境:"the balance of terror that was precariously maintained in a two-power nuclear world"
Westphalian system(威斯特伐利亞體系)
中文解釋:1648 年《威斯特伐利亞和約》確立的主權國家體系,以領土主權、不干涉內政和均勢原則為特征,奠定了現代國際關系的基礎。
原文語境:"The Westphalian system sought security based on the sanctity of international borders"
Proliferation of nuclear weapons(核武器擴散)
中文解釋:核武器技術和材料向非核國家傳播的現象。國際社會通過《不擴散核武器條約》(NPT)等機制遏制擴散,但印度、巴基斯坦等國的核計劃對該體系構成挑戰。
原文語境:"the issue of proliferation to states that until now have not had nuclear weapons"
Diplomatic outcome(外交成果)
中文解釋:通過談判達成的政治協議或共識,常涉及安全、經濟等領域。成功的外交成果需兼顧各方核心利益,如伊朗核協議(JCPOA)。
原文語境:"Any diplomatic outcome to the proliferation issue"
Security assurances(安全保證)
中文解釋:大國向無核國家提供的不使用核武器的承諾,旨在換取其放棄核計劃。例如,美國對無核國家的“消極安全保證”(NSA)。
原文語境:"generate security assurances for the country asked to forgo nuclear weapons"
Deterrence theory(威懾理論)
中文解釋:通過展示報復能力阻止對手攻擊的戰略理論。核威懾依賴“可信威脅”,但對非國家行為體(如恐怖組織)可能失效。
原文語境:"Deterrence becomes impossibly complicated when many balances have to be considered"
Humanitarian intervention(人道主義干預)
中文解釋:為防止大規模人權侵犯(如種族滅絕)而對主權國家進行的軍事干預。其合法性存在爭議,需符合“保護的責任”(R2P)原則。
原文語境:"A special case is humanitarian intervention"
Genocidal events(種族滅絕事件)
中文解釋:有組織、有計劃地消滅特定民族、種族或宗教群體的行為。國際社會有責任根據《防止及懲治滅絕種族罪公約》采取行動。
原文語境:"preventive intervention has proved most difficult to apply to genocidal events"
Unilateral superior force(單邊優勢武力)
中文解釋:依賴軍事優勢單獨采取行動的外交政策,可能導致國際秩序失衡。美國 2003 年入侵伊拉克被視為單邊主義典型案例。
原文語境:"relies for international order primarily on unilateral superior force"
Strategic Doctrine(戰略學說)
中文解釋:國家對安全威脅和應對策略的系統闡述,如美國的《國家安全戰略》。其內容反映國家利益和國際環境變化。
原文語境:"the American Strategic Doctrine does not really talk about preemptive action"
Mortal danger(致命危險)
中文解釋:對國家生存構成直接威脅的情形。根據國際法,國家在面臨“生死存亡”危機時可采取超常規自衛措施。
原文語境:"mortal danger is inherent in the process of proliferation"
First-strike threats(先發制人打擊威脅)
中文解釋:對敵方核力量實施首次打擊的能力。該威脅可能引發“先制攻擊”(Preemptive attack),加劇核對抗風險。
原文語境:"First-strike threats against established nuclear powers"
Revolutionary policies(革命性政策)
中文解釋:旨在顛覆現有國際秩序的激進外交政策,常與意識形態輸出相關。伊朗伊斯蘭革命后的反美政策是典型案例。
原文語境:"as a safety net for assertive or revolutionary policies"
Global balance of power(全球權力平衡)
中文解釋:國際體系中主要國家間的力量分配狀態。均勢理論認為,權力平衡可防止霸權擴張,維護國際穩定。
原文語境:"threaten international security by altering the global balance of power"
Shadowy means(隱蔽手段)
中文解釋:非國家行為體(如恐怖組織)使用的匿名化攻擊方式,如自殺式襲擊、網絡攻擊等,增加溯源難度。
原文語境:"they have shadowy means to obscure the origin of their attack"
Unilateral action(單邊行動)
中文解釋:國家未經國際授權單獨采取的軍事或外交行動。其合法性常受質疑,如美國退出《中導條約》。
原文語境:"prevented both unilateral and multilateral action"
Multilateral action(多邊行動)
中文解釋:通過國際組織或多國聯盟協調的集體行動,如聯合國維和行動。其有效性依賴成員國共識。
原文語境:"prevented both unilateral and multilateral action"
International chaos(國際混亂)
中文解釋:缺乏有效國際規則和治理機制導致的無序狀態。單邊主義和軍備競賽可能加劇混亂風險。
原文語境:"the absence of any rules would spell international chaos"
Terrorist organizations(恐怖組織)
中文解釋:以暴力手段實現政治目標的非國家行為體,如基地組織、伊斯蘭國。其跨國活動對傳統國家安全構成新挑戰。
原文語境:"the most obvious targets for preemptive strategy are terrorist organizations"
Sovereign states(主權國家)
中文解釋:擁有獨立主權、領土完整和政府機構的政治實體,是威斯特伐利亞體系的核心單位。
原文語境:"operating from the territory of sovereign states"
Irreversible damage(不可逆轉的損害)
中文解釋:造成無法修復的后果,如核污染、生態災難。先發制人戰略旨在避免此類損害。
原文語境:"capacity to do great, potentially irreversible damage"
Diplomatic compromise(外交妥協)
中文解釋:通過談判達成雙方利益平衡的解決方案。伊朗核協議要求伊朗限制核計劃以換取制裁解除,是典型妥協案例。
原文語境:"their objective generally is not compromise but destruction"
Nuclear adversary(核對手)
中文解釋:擁有核武器并構成戰略威脅的國家。冷戰時期美蘇互為核對手,當前美國將俄羅斯、中國視為主要核對手。
原文語境:"preventive force is not applicable to established major nuclear adversary"
Actual aggression(實際侵略行為)
中文解釋:違反《聯合國憲章》使用武力的行為,如軍事入侵。只有在此情況下,先發制人行動才被部分國際法學者視為合法。
原文語境:"unless engaging in actual aggression justifying preemption"
Preventive diplomacy(預防性外交)
中文解釋:通過外交手段防止沖突發生或升級的策略,如調解、斡旋和建立信任措施。聯合國安理會常采用該手段。
原文語境:"one of the key tasks of preventive diplomacy"
Aspiring great powers(新興大國)
中文解釋:經濟、軍事力量快速增長并尋求國際影響力的國家,如印度、巴西。其崛起可能改變現有國際秩序。
原文語境:"For aspiring great powers, the incentive is precisely the opposite"
Chemical or biological weapons(化學或生物武器)
中文解釋:利用有毒化學物質或病原體制造的武器,被《禁止化學武器公約》《生物武器公約》明令禁止。
原文語境:"develop chemical or biological weapons"
Security net(安全網)
中文解釋:為應對潛在威脅而建立的保障機制,如軍事聯盟、核威懾。新興國家可能將獲取WMD視為自身安全網。
原文語境:"as a safety net for assertive policies"
Benevolent government(仁慈政府)
中文解釋:以公共福祉為目標的政府,常與民主制度相關。但即使此類政府擁有 WMD,仍可能引發安全擔憂。
原文語境:"mitigated by the existence of benevolent government"
Anti-proliferation policy(防擴散政策)
中文解釋:阻止大規模殺傷性武器擴散的國家或國際政策,包括外交談判、制裁和軍事打擊等手段。
原文語境:"America’s anti-proliferation policy is concerned"
Ruthless international conduct(冷酷的國際行為)
中文解釋:無視國際法和人道主義原則的行為,如支持恐怖主義、侵犯人權。伊朗和朝鮮被美國指控存在此類行為。
原文語境:"hostile regimes with records of ruthless international conduct"
Overthrow of regimes(政權更迭)
中文解釋:通過軍事干預或支持反對派改變他國政權的行為。美國在阿富汗、伊拉克的行動被批評為“政權更迭”政策。
原文語境:"implies overthrowing the North Korean and Iranian regimes"
Elected governments(民選政府)
中文解釋:通過自由公正選舉產生的政府。美國對民選政府獲取核武器的態度可能不同于專制政權。
原文語境:"acquisition of nuclear weapons by elected governments"
Sustainable public support(可持續的公眾支持)
中文解釋:長期維持的國內民眾對政策的認同。美國的預防性戰略需國會參與以確保公眾支持的持續性。
原文語境:"include enough congressional participation to bring about sustainable public support"
Working-level plans(工作層面計劃)
中文解釋:具體實施的操作性方案,區別于宏觀戰略文件。需明確步驟、責任人和資源分配。
原文語境:"plans of action capable of being carried out on the working level"
Solitary American enterprises(美國單獨行動)
中文解釋:美國獨自實施的軍事或外交行動。過度依賴單邊行動可能削弱其國際合法性。
原文語境:"solitary American enterprises are the rare exception"
Global economic system(全球經濟體系)
中文解釋:由國際貿易、金融和投資構成的相互依存網絡。大國沖突可能導致該體系崩潰,威脅各國利益。
原文語境:"dependent on the global economic system"
Clash of civilizations(文明沖突)
中文解釋:亨廷頓提出的理論,認為冷戰后的國際沖突主要源于不同文明間的文化差異。該理論常被用于解釋伊斯蘭極端主義與西方的對立。
原文語境:"universal carnage due to a clash of civilizations"
Viable international order(可行的國際秩序)
中文解釋:能夠平衡各國利益、有效應對全球挑戰的國際治理體系。當前多極化趨勢要求秩序更具包容性。
原文語境:"build a viable international order without catastrophe"
Catastrophic impetus(災難性推動力)
中文解釋:重大危機(如核戰爭)迫使國際社會合作的動力。人類需在危機前主動構建秩序,而非依賴災難推動。
原文語境:"without the impetus of having barely survived catastrophe"
Great power responsibilities(大國責任)
中文解釋:國際體系中主要國家對維護和平與安全的特殊義務,包括提供公共產品、遵守國際規則等。
原文語境:"other major nations have a similar responsibility"
大外交青年智庫(簡稱“大外交智庫”)(Glory Diplomacy Youth Think-tank,Glory Diplomacy或GDYT)是一家創辦于2017年的以外交安全為主的綜合性戰略研究機構、社會/青年智庫,總部在中國深圳,是深圳首家非官方外交安全智庫、中國首家青年智庫,創始人是王蓋蓋。GDYT一直堅持“只有修煉好內功,才能放心去實戰”的發展理念,從2017年創始初期穩扎穩打,于2018年成立青年原創評論組(于2022年改組為《智本青析》編輯部)并創辦《智本青析》電子刊至今;2019年在海南開設分支機構即海南大外交學會(GDYT HN),同年成立青年發展研究院,該中心在2019年創辦“大外交青年發展與實踐啟航項目”研修班至今,在2021年創辦“世界青年菁英坊《早點知道》講座項目”至今;2020年成立應試就業研究院并創辦《真題解析》付費專欄;同年7月,成立外交外事涉外安全決策咨詢公司,集中研究國家安全與國際安全、海外利益分析與保護、青年外交與青年發展、區域國別與國際組織、跨國公司與全球治理等事務;2021年成立外文編譯評議組并創辦《大譯編參》電子刊至今(該編輯部于2022年創辦《每日信報》微電子日刊),同年成立區域國別研究院(該院于2022年創辦《新國別簡報》欄目);2022年成立世界外交數據中心、全球治理研究院(該院于2022年創辦《鴻士論天下》欄目)、國家安全研究院、黨的理論創新研究中心,并合并所有專訪項目(青坊談、最有影響力人物訪談、21世紀中國外交天團、學人專訪等)整合為《與名人對話》欄目,組建“青年智庫特種部隊”全職高精尖部門(該部門于2023年創辦《中華內參》內刊)和全球范圍內的“大中華菁英圈”(該共同體于2024年創辦《全球統戰》內刊),開啟“Smallibrary·小書屋”全球青年閱讀挑戰計劃(該計劃于2022年創辦《智庫書屋》欄目),運營新知太學(網絡)書院(該書院于2022年創辦《線上共讀》欄目);2023年,成立全球創業研究中心、全球灣區研究院、跨國公司研究中心、海外利益研究中心、數字經濟研究院、海洋治理研究中心、基式外交研究中心,在香港開設分支機構“香港大外交學會(GDYT HK)”,創辦“華灣國際創業發展新菁英匯”國際人才交流平臺,創辦“灣山友(WSY)”戶外爬山徒步讀書研討國際精英俱樂部;2024年,成立新型智庫研究院、企業出海研究院(整合全球創業研究中心、跨國公司研究中心、海外利益研究中心等三大中心于一體)、“荔林讀書會(LOC)”(整合“國關讀書會”“華灣讀書會”“灣山友讀書會”“全球4%讀書會”等四大讀書會于一體)等。GDYT從2021年以來,多次舉辦全國(含全球)青年國際問題學術研討、思想交流、政策分析與企業出海等活動,如“國際問題研究型青年智庫發展模式探索論壇”、“新型國際問題青年智庫建設與發展論壇”、“國際關系青年辯論賽”、“國際關系青年辯論賽最佳辯手論壇”、“世界青年菁英坊《早點知道》系列講座”、“國際問題/區域國別學術研討會(GDYT·ISAS)”系列活動、“《與名人對話》系列采訪活動”、“《鴻士論天下》系列講座活動”、“新時代中國國際戰略高端論壇與菁英論壇”、“華灣國際創業發展新菁英匯”系列活動、“GDYT與國際知名學者對話”、“灣山友俱樂部粵港澳國際精英戶外實踐交流”系列活動、“荔林讀書會”國際前沿思想沙龍等等。自創辦以來,GDYT一直致力于“讓壹億中國大外交青年智慧與方案被全球看見”,聚集全球各地有志青年為實現個人、企業、社會、國家和世界和平發展而奮斗,至2021年底,已發展成集專家顧問、研究員(含高級)、特約研究員(含高級)、助理研究員、編譯評議員、時政評論員、實習生、志愿者等全方位國際人才體系(200人)的樣本標桿青年智庫,聚焦中國與全球大外交領域青年的原創方案、發展計劃和外交延伸等助力與服務,在“對照全球外交發展、對接世界高端智庫、對比新型平臺建設”的三原則指導下,為中國的外交與安全發展貢獻青年力量和方案,為中央及地方政府部門提供內參、為企業國內外發展提供商業咨詢、為國際問題智庫建設提供調研路徑、為非政府組織及個人提供咨詢等服務,被海內外青年譽為現代智囊的“青年精英大腦集中營、集散地”,是全球新型外交青年智庫的開創者和代言人!
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