大風沙塵天氣剛過，春天的煩惱還沒結束——你花粉過敏了嗎？

每年春天，都有人戴著口罩紅著眼，控制不住地打噴嚏、流鼻涕，嚴重的甚至可能造成哮喘、呼吸困難等……

春季是花粉過敏的高發季節。花粉過敏是由風媒傳粉植物引起的，這些植物釋放大量花粉，影響到人們的鼻腔、眼結膜和氣道。

在北京天壇公園，柏樹飄落下大量花粉 圖源：新華社 以下同

日益增長的花粉過敏背后，最直接的原因是花粉量的增加。北京協和醫院變態（過敏）反應科主任關凱在接受新華網采訪時表示，全球“變綠了”，加上隨著全球變暖，植被的生長周期變長，花粉季也變長了，這也導致過敏原變得越來越多。

Spring is a peak season for pollen allergies, primarily caused by wind-pollinated plants that release large amounts of pollen, affecting people's nasal passages, eyes and airways. The most direct cause behind the increasing cases of pollen allergies is the rise in pollen levels. Guan Kai, director of the Allergy Department at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, told Xinhua News Agency that the world is "greening", and with global warming, the growth cycles of vegetation have been extended, lengthening the pollen season. Consequently, allergens are becoming more abundant.

花粉季的花粉濃度偏高。花粉濃度是指每1000平方毫米所含有的花粉粒數，一旦空氣中主要致敏花粉超過100粒/1000平方毫米，就標志著該地區進入花粉期，超過400粒/1000平方毫米則表明花粉濃度已經偏高了。

以北京為例，每年3月中旬到4月中旬，柏樹花粉、榆樹花粉等致敏花粉濃度持續處于高峰?！盎ǚ郾O測預報”公眾號顯示，預計北京部分地區4月13日花粉濃度等級在3~5級，為中等到很高級別（251~1200粒/1000平方毫米）。

除了主動防護、治療，科學家們也來幫忙治理過敏原啦！

我們應該如何預防過敏呢？除了減少外出、佩戴防護用品、及時清理、就醫等自我防護措施以外，科學家們也正在努力探索研究，以有效治理過敏原。

以圓柏為例，圓柏花粉數量多、顆粒小，集中散布時就像“沙塵暴”一般，是北京花粉致敏的主要成分之一。

Take the example of juniper. Its abundant pollen, though small in size, can spread like a "sandstorm" when released in large quantities. Juniper pollen is one of the main components causing allergic reactions in Beijing this year.

不少受花粉過敏折磨的網友發問：“就不能把北京的圓柏全拔了嗎？”

據統計，北京現存古樹中有側柏古樹22000株、圓柏6000株。誠然，解決過敏源頭是一種思路。但砍伐或大規模改造古柏既不符合法律規定，又會對生態造成嚴重影響。

既要保護生物多樣性，又要兼顧人類自身健康，那我們該如何與圓柏共處？

圓柏花粉治理的思路主要基于花粉源頭防治、增加及時沉降及延緩釋放時間三個方面。

The strategy for managing juniper pollen focuses on three aspects: controlling the source of pollen, increasing timely pollen deposition and delaying the release time.

源頭控制，培育新品種，減少雄花數量

圓柏分雌株和雄株，其中雌株不飛粉，雄株有小孢子葉球結構，是花粉產生的源頭。

北京農學院植物科學技術學院秦嶺教授團隊此前對板栗雄花序調控的研究為治理圓柏花粉提供了新靈感。

“我們基于板栗短雄花序芽變種質的發現，研發出板栗‘促雌減雄’技術，從而培育出了板栗雄花序敗育新品種。對于圓柏雄株，我們在雄株小孢子葉球形成的關鍵期進行抑制，使其數量減少至原來的20%，從根源上減少花粉量。”

Junipers are divided into male and female plants. The female plants do not produce pollen, while the male plants have microsporangiate strobilus structures that are the source of pollen production. Professor Qin Ling's team from the School of Plant Science and Technology at Beijing Agricultural University has conducted research on regulating the catkins of chestnut trees, which has inspired new approaches to managing juniper pollen. "Based on the discovery of short male catkin bud variants in chestnuts, we developed a 'promote-female and reduce-male' technology to cultivate new varieties with sterile male catkins," Qin said. "For male junipers, we can inhibit the formation of microsporangiate strobilus at critical stages, reducing their number to 20 percent of the original, thereby decreasing pollen production at the source."

途中抑制，更高效的花粉固定劑抑制花粉飄散

近日，秦嶺教授團隊已研發出高分子有機化合物花粉固定劑，將其噴灑在圓柏雄株小孢子葉球表面，形成一層包裹膜，就像為樹戴上了“口罩”，能有效遏制柏樹花粉飄散。

團隊成員、農學院教授邢宇介紹，實驗顯示，噴花粉固定劑沉降花粉的效果是噴水的17至20倍。

該成果有望明年率先在北京市西城區、東城區、朝陽區等6個區使用。

早期預警，及時采取預防措施

除了源頭控制花粉、中途調控減少花粉，還可以在花粉形成后減少其濃度，目前主要的方式就是無污染的噴水方式，適合需要重點保護的圓柏古樹。

在北京紅領巾公園內，工作人員噴淋開花的柏樹

國家自然博物館聯合北京植物學會，與中國科學院華南植物園合作，共同發起“北京圓柏分布調查”公民科學項目，結合信息技術手段發動公眾對圓柏進行地面觀測，有望實現更早期的精準預警，也為未來花粉過敏原的科學治理提供研究和決策支持。

In addition to controlling pollen at the source and reducing it midway, another effective method is to decrease the pollen concentration after it has formed. The main approach currently is to use non-polluting water spray, which is particularly suitable for protecting ancient juniper trees. The National Museum of Natural History, in collaboration with the Beijing Botanical Society and the South China Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, has launched a citizen science project called the "Beijing Juniper Distribution Survey". This project utilizes information technology to engage the public in ground observations of junipers. It aims to achieve earlier and more precise pollen warnings and provide research and decision-making support for the scientific management of pollen allergens in the future.

中國科學院華南植物園標本館工程師徐洲鋒表示，通過圓柏植株物候的地面觀測，可以捕獲更加準確的植物物候信號，匯聚大規模的局地植株物候數據，就有可能更加準確的推測圓柏的傳粉時間，從而做到更早期的預警。

國家博物館副研究員劉曉麗表示，圓柏花粉散播的時間在不同年份雖然差異不是太大，但是對于過敏群體來說，越早的預警受益會越大。如果能夠做到未雨綢繆，讓過敏的人能夠提前做好準備或者能夠提取對植株進行一定的處理，比如噴水沉降、定期剪枝、噴灑花粉固定劑等，相信很多人的春天會更好過一些。

Xu Zhoufeng, an engineer at the Herbarium of the South China Botanical Garden of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that ground observations of juniper phenology can capture more accurate phenological signals of the plants. By aggregating large-scale local phenological data of junipers, it is possible to more accurately predict the pollination time, thereby providing earlier warnings. Liu Xiaoli, an associate researcher at the National Museum of China, said that although the pollen dispersal times of junipers do not vary significantly from year to year, earlier warnings would greatly benefit allergy sufferers. If we can prepare in advance, allowing individuals to take measures such as using water sprays, regularly pruning, or applying pollen fixatives to plants, many people will have a better time during spring.

記者：閆東潔

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