一、棲息地與分布
企鵝是南半球特有的鳥類，主要棲息在極地及亞南極地區(qū)，包括南極大陸、南美洲、非洲南部及大洋洲的寒冷海域。不同種類對棲息環(huán)境有獨特偏好：帝企鵝依賴海冰繁殖，阿德利企鵝則選擇無冰區(qū)的露巖筑巢。部分種類如王企鵝可適應(yīng)溫帶島嶼氣候，但所有企鵝均依賴海洋獲取食物。

二、食性與捕食行為
企鵝以海洋生物為主食，南極磷蝦占其食物總量的60%以上，輔以小魚、烏賊等。潛水能力極強，帝企鵝可下潛至550米，閉氣長達22分鐘；白頂企鵝游泳速度達每小時36公里，為鳥類之最。群體捕食時，它們通過協(xié)作驅(qū)趕魚群提高成功率。
三、繁殖與育雛
繁殖行為因種類而異：帝企鵝在冬季極夜中繁殖，雄性負責孵化，依靠腹部脂肪維持64天不進食；其他種類如阿德利企鵝則在夏季產(chǎn)卵，雌雄輪流孵蛋。https://weibo.com
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豎冠企鵝的繁殖策略尤為特殊，會主動拋棄較小的第一枚卵，僅孵化第二枚更大的卵以提高后代存活率。幼雛孵化后，父母通過反芻方式喂養(yǎng)，雛鳥需數(shù)月才能獨立。
四、運動與適應(yīng)機制
陸地上，企鵝行動笨拙，常以直立姿態(tài)行走或腹部貼地滑行。帝企鵝通過“五足步態(tài)”（四肢加尾部支撐）節(jié)省能量，跳躍時可達9米遠。水中則靈活敏捷，翅膀退化為鰭狀肢，骨骼密度增高以增強下潛能力。生理上，它們通過逆流熱交換系統(tǒng)減少熱量流失，羽毛結(jié)構(gòu)緊密防水。
五、社會行為
企鵝高度社會化，集群規(guī)模可達數(shù)千只，通過叫聲和肢體語言交流。繁殖期形成嚴格領(lǐng)地，雄性通過鳴叫宣示主權(quán)。帝企鵝越冬時緊密聚集，輪流移動至群體中心取暖，形成“熱流循環(huán)”。部分種類如帽帶企鵝以“一夫一妻”制為主，伴侶關(guān)系可維持多年。
六、進化與適應(yīng)性
基因組研究表明，企鵝約在6500萬年前失去飛行能力，轉(zhuǎn)向水生生活。體型演化趨向小型化，喙和四肢更適合潛水；高緯度種類（如帝企鵝）演化速率更快，體現(xiàn)對極端環(huán)境的適應(yīng)。味覺基因的退化可能與吞食整魚相關(guān)，而骨骼生長基因的變異增強了潛水耐力。