一、分類與形態(tài)特征
螞蚱（蝗總科Locustoidea）是直翅目昆蟲的統(tǒng)稱，全球已知超過12,000種。其典型特征包括：

1.身體結(jié)構(gòu)
體長(zhǎng)215厘米（如棉蝗可達(dá)10厘米），體色多為綠色或褐色，具保護(hù)色
后足腿節(jié)粗壯，跳躍距離可達(dá)體長(zhǎng)20倍
咀嚼式口器，上顎堅(jiān)硬，可切斷植物莖葉
2.特殊種類
東亞飛蝗：遷飛能力強(qiáng)，可形成蝗災(zāi)
中華劍角蝗：尖頭蚱蜢，常見于草叢
棉蝗：體型最大，后足具尖刺防御天敵
二、生活習(xí)性與行為
1.食性與危害
植食性，偏好禾本科植物（水稻、小麥等），單日食量達(dá)自身體重
群居型個(gè)體易引發(fā)蝗災(zāi)，可摧毀整片農(nóng)田
2.活動(dòng)規(guī)律
晝行性，夜間靜伏植物間
溫度高于25℃時(shí)活躍，低溫下行動(dòng)遲緩
3.防御機(jī)制
釋放刺激性氣味驅(qū)敵
后足尖刺可踢傷捕食者（如螳螂）
三、生命周期與繁殖
1.發(fā)育階段
不完全變態(tài)：卵→若蟲（蝗蝻）→成蟲
若蟲蛻皮5次，每次增重50%
2.繁殖特點(diǎn)
雌蟲產(chǎn)卵于濕潤(rùn)土壤，每塊含3080粒
一年12代，成蟲壽命4060天
四、生態(tài)價(jià)值與人類關(guān)系
1.生態(tài)作用
食物鏈重要環(huán)節(jié)（鳥類、爬行動(dòng)物的獵物）
若蟲翻土促進(jìn)土壤通氣
2.經(jīng)濟(jì)影響
蝗災(zāi)導(dǎo)致全球年損失超$50億
部分種類可食用（高蛋白、低脂肪）https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169062266667145
https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169062224461866
https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169062190907424
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https://weibo.com/ttarticle/p/show?id=2309405169061440127097
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3.防治措施
生物防治：引入天敵（如阿穆爾隼）
物理阻隔：農(nóng)田覆蓋防蟲網(wǎng)
當(dāng)螞蚱在夏日的草叢中彈跳，這些“自然彈簧”正用億年的進(jìn)化演繹著生存的韌性。從《詩經(jīng)》的“螽斯羽”到現(xiàn)代生態(tài)研究，它們始終是自然平衡的微妙砝碼。