作為紫砂文化基因“核心編碼者”的傳統人才,“脈傳”的不止技藝,還有藝術氣韻和對在地文化的守護
2020年,全國首個紫砂產業抖音直播基地在宜興落地,服務企業超8000家,從業人員近5萬人
宜興紫砂活力涌動的經驗表明,非遺的活態傳承不僅需要保護技藝本身,更需構建與現代化經濟體系適配的產業生態
新聞周刊記者 王圣志 蔣芳
早上6點多,位于江蘇省宜興市丁蜀鎮的長樂陶莊晨霧氤氳。
88歲的中國工藝美術大師徐秀棠戴上老花鏡,坐在工作臺前,用小楷謄抄為做陶刻摘錄的詩句。他的書架上堆滿了書籍筆記,窗臺上擺放著各式紫砂小品,妙趣橫生。
當徐秀棠抬眼看向窗外,曲水穿橋、小舟閑泊,一派“陶都”宜興的尋常景致。
清人汪文柏的詩《陶器行贈陳鳴遠》這樣贊美宜興紫砂:“人間珠玉安足取,豈如陽羨溪頭一丸土?!币伺d,古稱陽羨。600多年來,代代紫砂匠人接力傳承,以妙手喚醒五色泥土,孕育藝術之花,守護宜興紫砂這張極具魅力的文化名片。
數據顯示,2024年宜興紫砂藝術品市場的交易額約為180億元人民幣?!按鲂氯恕⒋行伦?、代添新韻,這是紫砂陶藝發展的如實寫照,也是宜興文脈綿延不息的基因密碼?!币伺d市文體廣電和旅游局局長王賽軍接受《瞭望》新聞周刊記者采訪時說。
徐秀棠身后,100多名國家級和省市級非遺代表性傳承人、1萬多名有職稱的工藝美術師、近10萬名相關從業者傳承有序、青藍相繼、百花齊放,以或守正,或創新的鮮活表達,助力非遺活態傳承。
在江蘇宜興西望紫砂陶瓷專業合作社,社員在培訓班上練習制壺(2023 年 3 月 30 日攝) 季春鵬攝 / 本刊
脈傳
“絞泥工藝中的陰陽相生,方器制作里的方圓之道,花器塑形時的師法自然,都是泥土里生長出的東方美學?!痹谛煨闾目磥恚伺d紫砂歷經數百年而不衰,靠的是代代傳承、同向維護紫砂陶制作技藝和文化基因的“核心編碼”。
師承,是包括宜興紫砂陶制作技藝在內的眾多非物質文化遺產的主要傳承方式。出身陶藝世家的徐秀棠,1954年師從“紫砂七老”之一的任淦庭學習陶刻。
時至今日,徐秀棠記憶中仍保留著拜入師門時的畫面:任淦庭隨手拿起一個茶杯,遠遠給他看上一眼,要求他在紙上畫出來,大小不差分厘才算過關。他的哥哥徐漢棠拜入壺藝泰斗顧景舟門下時,“考題”是做一副矩車(一種紫砂陶藝工具),做成了,師傅才認可。
拜師是第一步。“接下來數年,拍泥片、打身桶、鑲接底片和口滿……師傅手把手地教,徒弟一步步地練?!彼氖嗄昵?,徐秀棠的女兒徐徐拜入顧景舟門下,“一個泥片打13下,敲下去時心靜不靜,力道準不準,師傅都能聽出來?!毙煨煺f,打了一天的泥片,重新澆上水搭成方塊,第二天再反復練。
作為紫砂文化基因“核心編碼者”的傳統人才,“脈傳”的不止技藝,還有藝術氣韻和對在地文化的守護。
“凡品茗者,無不知‘壺以砂者為上’?!毙煨闾牡拇蟮茏?、江蘇省工藝美術大師史小明告訴記者,實用性之外,宜興紫砂兼具“容山容水容天下,攬人攬物攬風情”的神韻。
他眼中的徐秀棠,學歷不高,卻兼制壺、雕塑、書畫、篆刻技能于一身,并在紫砂文化和理論研究上傾注了大量精力?!皫煾到ㄗh我們常誦唐詩宋詞,融中華優秀傳統文化于紫砂工藝,成器之美?!笔沸∶髡f。
長樂陶莊里,保留著制泥、做壺、雕塑、燒窯等整套傳統手工陶藝工序,還按原貌復制了一座逾20米長的古法燒制紫砂的龍窯,收藏著200多口歷代均陶大缸。
在徐秀棠看來,傳統紫砂工藝是一種文化遺產,也是連接“陶都”過去與未來的文化認同的“錨點”?!啊o’得好,非遺走向現代化才不會丟失本根。”他說。
納新
這幾年,丁蜀鎮上,外地人和年輕人越來越多。
2020年,全國首個紫砂產業抖音直播基地在宜興落地,服務企業超8000家,從業人員近5萬人。不同于部分非物質文化遺產陷入“人走藝絕”的保護傳承危機,宜興紫砂盡顯“年輕態”。
宜興市陶瓷行業協會發布的《2023宜興紫砂行業年度發展報告》顯示,2023年,當地紫砂行業從業人員中,35歲以下青年工藝師占比達62.3%;45歲以下中青年群體占比86.7%。
據了解,宜興人社、文旅等部門在紫砂人才培養的早期,就通過給予房租補貼、設立帶徒津貼等形式,為年輕人學藝免去后顧之憂,鼓勵非遺代表性傳承人帶徒。
與此同時,宜興市暢通職業教育的學承渠道,貫通中職-高職-本科培養鏈,探索紫砂人才可持續供給路徑。
近年來,一些國家級大師走進了職業院校授課。無錫工藝職業技術學院與南京藝術學院等高職、本科院校設立陶瓷藝術設計與工藝等專業,聘請國家級大師擔任客座教授,徐秀棠帶領高職學生完成的“敦煌主題紫砂雕塑”系列作品,被大英博物館收藏。
還有一些國家級大師把培訓班辦到了產業鏈上。宜興市推動行業黨員結對產業新人,邀請中國工藝美術大師顧紹培等開設“傳統器型強化培訓班”“紫砂傳統技藝培訓班”等方式,累計培訓學員超10萬人次。
“宜興紫砂是充滿生機的非遺?!痹谝伺d市陶瓷行業協會負責人史俊棠看來,透氣性是宜興紫砂作為茶器的核心優勢,亦可隱喻紫砂行業對多元人才與文化的包容與吸納。
厲上清18歲離開山東老家到宜興打工,一待就是快30年。他有一些美術功底,多年研習陶刻,如今已經是正高級工藝美術師。
畢業于中央工藝美術學院陶藝系(現清華大學美術學院)的蔣雍君,1990年來到無錫,任教于無錫工藝職業技術學院。從該校畢業的90后姜婷,加入了“宜漂”的隊伍,通過直播分享制壺和生活日常。
不斷輸入的新鮮“血液”,拓展了宜興紫砂“意象萬千”的素材庫,豐富了宜興7000余年制陶文化活態傳承的表達方式。
如今的宜興紫砂產業,既有多層次人才接續傳承引領,又有新媒體、直播平臺帶來“破圈”效應,亦有“紫砂小鎮”“丁蜀古南街”等文化地標推動文旅融合,產業邊界不斷拓展。
生長
宜興紫砂活力涌動的經驗表明,非遺的活態傳承不僅需要保護技藝本身,更需構建與現代化經濟體系適配的產業生態。
丁蜀鎮通蜀路北,西望村集聚著數百家前店后廠的紫砂作坊。家家捶泥、戶戶做坯,“啪嗒、啪嗒”的打泥條聲,從各家的窗戶傳出。
過去,西望村80%以上的人家從事紫砂制作,但一家一戶分散經營,短板明顯。尤其是在2000年以后,紫砂市場火熱帶來泥沙俱下,出現粗制濫造的“問題紫砂”。
丁蜀鎮西望村黨總支書記范澤鋒意識到,必須用健全的機制規范產業良性發展。2009年,身為江蘇省陶瓷藝術大師的范澤鋒牽頭成立紫砂陶瓷專業合作社,由技藝出眾的黨員、工藝師指導教學,并圍繞原料供應、品牌包裝、營銷推廣、電商運營等一體拓展,組織社員們闖市場。
“合作社策劃外出展覽并承擔展位費,村民們只需帶著壺去參展,就有機會找到銷路。”合作社社員、正高級工藝美術師周菊英說,合作社還會舉辦公益性直播課程,幫助手工匠人“觸網”。
現如今在西望村,像周菊英一樣獲得專技職稱的鄉土人才,已由2010年左右不足40名發展到400多名。該村已成為擁有680多家個人工作室、26個藝術創作團隊的“全國特色產業億元村”。
設計、生產、推廣、營銷……重構傳統手工藝的價值鏈,將文化遺產轉化為“可消費的文化資本”,宜興的探索不止于此。
2017年底,一個名叫“紫砂九雋”的新品牌,由史小明、范建軍、顧美群、蔣雍君等九位江蘇省工藝美術大師、江蘇省陶瓷藝術大師聯合創立。這些陶藝家選擇用抱團的方式,合力探索紫砂藝術傳承和產業化發展的新路。
“一個人,就像一根手指,一群人,相當于一個拳頭,力量是不一樣的。只有整體好、行業興旺了,其中的個體才會更好?!笔沸∶髡f。
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九個人中,從傳承渠道上有家傳、師承、學院派之分,從工藝門類上有制壺、陶刻、雕塑之分。如何攥指成拳?“通常圍繞一個主題,每人獨立設計一款,或幾人組合設計一款,靈感碰撞之下會比單個作品更有意蘊,更受歡迎。”范建軍說。
“紫砂九雋”品牌成立以來,已推出十多款聯名設計款,“江南系列”主題紫砂杯、“生肖系列”主題紫砂壺銷量與口碑不俗。
在“紫砂九雋”引領下,“宜窯逸色”“樂樂陶社”“十指摶砂”等多個陶藝家組合團隊接連出現?!拔覀兿M砸环N積極生長的力量,呈現紫砂藝術的更大繁榮?!狈稘射h說。
過去的30年,“宜漂”開四海大多數時間都在丁蜀鎮上鉆研精刻技藝:例如,不借助放大器材,將一部《三國志》刻在一件紫砂器上。
幾年前,開四海從宜興回到安徽老家,擔任寧國市紫砂藝術研究院院長。近期,他與當地陶瓷廠共同成立的紫砂合作社也即將投產?!斑@個行業永遠需要新鮮血液。未來,我會把工作重心轉移到紫砂技藝的傳承上來。”開四海說。
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