公元1154年(紹興二十年),時(shí)年二十七歲的楊萬(wàn)里離開(kāi)故鄉(xiāng)廬陵吉水,前往臨安(浙江杭州)參加科舉考試,終于中進(jìn)士,初授贛州司戶,在任期間兢兢業(yè)業(yè),為當(dāng)?shù)刳A得了極好的口碑。由于政績(jī)突出,幾年后又調(diào)任鄰居的湖南永州,此后一直在外地為官,很少回到故鄉(xiāng),半生漂泊,以至于其創(chuàng)作的詩(shī),大多寫(xiě)得很傷感。
故鄉(xiāng)對(duì)于任何一個(gè)游子來(lái)說(shuō),那都是最牽掛的地方,畢竟那里有最純真的童年,還有最親的親人。半生漂泊,讓楊萬(wàn)里越發(fā)的思念故鄉(xiāng),同時(shí)也異常的傷感,在此期間其詩(shī)或多或少地流露出了無(wú)限的憂愁,以這首《泊平江百花洲》來(lái)說(shuō),盡管通篇只是淡淡著筆,然而每一句都感人肺腑。
平江百花洲位于江蘇蘇州,百花洲是當(dāng)?shù)匾粋€(gè)小小的沙洲,楊萬(wàn)里曾前后多次到達(dá)蘇州,然而這一次已經(jīng)是第四次前往蘇州,再也不是當(dāng)年那個(gè)意氣風(fēng)發(fā)的青年,畢竟已經(jīng)五十多歲。為此詩(shī)人感慨萬(wàn)千,回想自己漂泊半生,一時(shí)之間陷入了對(duì)于往事的回想,匆匆創(chuàng)作了這首《泊平江百花洲》一詩(shī)。
吳中好處是蘇州,卻為王程得勝游。半世三江五湖棹,十年四泊百花洲。
岸傍楊柳都相識(shí),眼底云山苦見(jiàn)留。莫怨孤舟無(wú)定處,此身自是一孤舟。
這首詩(shī)沒(méi)有任何高超的技巧,只是平鋪直敘,然而卻又是別具一格,有著一種難以言說(shuō)的孤獨(dú)之感。為此這首詩(shī)完全是不一樣的風(fēng)格,與早期的作品形成了鮮明的反差。楊萬(wàn)里是地地道道的江西人,早期很明顯受到了“江西詩(shī)派”的影響,作品大多晦澀難懂,但是后期詩(shī)人逐漸形成了自己的風(fēng)格,獨(dú)創(chuàng)了“誠(chéng)齋體”,對(duì)于后世產(chǎn)生了極為深遠(yuǎn)的影響。
首聯(lián)先是表達(dá)了對(duì)于蘇州的喜愛(ài),正所謂上有天堂,下有蘇杭,蘇州的美正是在于山水之間,楊萬(wàn)里恰好經(jīng)由百花洲,望著眼前的美景,讓他一時(shí)之間沉醉于美景之中。江南一帶最美的地方就是蘇州,這個(gè)地方處處風(fēng)景秀麗,為了公事的我,此時(shí)可以縱情地游歷江南,盡情地欣賞蘇州的美景。
頷聯(lián)和頸聯(lián)卻又是筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn),結(jié)合了當(dāng)時(shí)的心情,從而回顧了過(guò)往的經(jīng)歷,使得這幾句流露出了一種憂愁之感。半生漂泊,游歷了三江五湖,經(jīng)常泛舟湖上,十年間有四次來(lái)過(guò)這百花洲。我跟岸邊的楊柳都已經(jīng)很熟了,眼前的云山也要把我挽留。這其實(shí)是在自嘲,對(duì)于詩(shī)人來(lái)說(shuō),半生漂泊生活時(shí)常會(huì)陷入困境,會(huì)想到遠(yuǎn)在千里之外的故鄉(xiāng),使得他心情很復(fù)雜。
尾聯(lián)依舊還是以自嘲的方式來(lái)呈現(xiàn),為此使得這兩句更具有感染力,那份憂愁之感也是油然而生。請(qǐng)千萬(wàn)不要責(zé)怪這孤舟漂泊不定,畢竟我本來(lái)就是孤舟,一輩子顛沛流離,去過(guò)了很多的地方,已經(jīng)五十歲了,還在各地過(guò)著漂泊不定的生活。由此可見(jiàn)詩(shī)人當(dāng)時(shí)心情很復(fù)雜,盡管蘇州的景色很美,可是對(duì)于詩(shī)人而言,卻又是異常地傷感。
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楊萬(wàn)里后期的詩(shī)很有特點(diǎn),這首《泊平江百花洲》雖然只是淡淡著筆,可是每一句都流露出了一絲無(wú)奈,還有詩(shī)人對(duì)于故鄉(xiāng)的思念之苦。半生漂泊,過(guò)著顛沛流離的生活,對(duì)于詩(shī)人來(lái)說(shuō),那就是一種折磨,可是為了公事,不得不漂泊,種種的無(wú)奈和艱辛,別人是難以理解,這也成為了詩(shī)人心中的痛,所以這首詩(shī)雖然沒(méi)有一個(gè)愁字,然而從開(kāi)篇到結(jié)尾,無(wú)一字不傷感,無(wú)一字不憂愁。
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