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加拿大英文教練,致力于地道英文表達(dá)
西洋畫中,常常出現(xiàn)希臘、羅馬神話故事以及《圣經(jīng)》故事的場(chǎng)景,比如奧林匹亞眾神的故事、耶穌誕生、受難、最后的審判等等。這些主題被歷代畫家涉獵,經(jīng)久不衰。上面提到的那些主題,即使對(duì)一般的東方人而言,都應(yīng)該略知一二,因此我們?cè)谛蕾p的時(shí)候,大體上是知道一些背景知識(shí)的。但是,還有相當(dāng)一部分題材,我們非常陌生。經(jīng)常看到一些視覺沖擊力極強(qiáng)、心理沖擊力更強(qiáng)的畫作,我們能感受到它們傳遞出的力量,但由于背景知識(shí)的缺失,我們很難完全吃透一幅畫。
從本期開始,我將不定期地推介一些這類畫作,以期彌補(bǔ)這方面的欠缺,提升我們的鑒賞力以及更重要的—我們對(duì)西方藝術(shù)的感悟力,這些感悟力不僅僅停留在藝術(shù)品層面,更在于哲學(xué)、宗教的思辨層面。
今天要介紹的一個(gè)主題是“原罪對(duì)撒旦和死亡的拉架“ (Satan and Death, divided by Sin John Henry Fuse畫)。
一看這個(gè)題目,大家很可能就蒙圈了:原罪,撒旦和死亡怎么搞到一起來了?甚至鬧到要廝殺的程度?這個(gè)故事來自于17世紀(jì)英國著名詩人彌爾頓的《失樂園》,大致過程是:原罪(sin)勾引了撒旦(Satan),生下了死亡(death)。我們先來看撒旦。他本是天堂里的一個(gè)天使長(zhǎng),享受著天堂的福分,但由于他追求權(quán)力,無視上帝的律法,不服管教,開始?jí)櫬洌ü视小皦櫬涮焓埂爸Q)。他甚至公然對(duì)抗上帝,召集了一群墮落天使來造反,最終被上帝逐出天堂,下到地獄。而當(dāng)撒旦來到地獄之門的時(shí)候,他碰到了他與原罪亂倫所生的兒子死亡(按照彌爾頓的說法,原罪在撒旦還是天使的時(shí)候,就從他頭上生長(zhǎng)出來),但他并不知道死亡是他兒子,見死亡擋了他的路,他怒向膽邊生,劈頭蓋臉就要?dú)⒘怂劳觯镆姞钰s緊出來拉住父子,這就有了以此為主題的畫作。
彌爾頓的故事是對(duì)《圣經(jīng)》故事的一個(gè)衍生解讀,極富寓意。人類的始祖亞當(dāng)和夏娃也曾在天堂居住,而后來夏娃受到撒旦的誘惑,吃了禁果,從而被上帝逐出了伊甸園。這段故事想必大家不陌生。但這個(gè)故事的寓意,大家就未見得明了。
彌爾頓向我們指出,人類最大的挑戰(zhàn)其實(shí)不是來自撒旦,而是來自原罪的引誘和折磨(人對(duì)性的欲求和不滿足),最終會(huì)導(dǎo)致人類的毀滅(最近的例子是,一對(duì)偷情的男女為了結(jié)合在一起,男方在女方的唆使之下將自己與原配所說的一對(duì)兒女扔下了樓)。《圣經(jīng)》說,罪的工價(jià)就是死。但是且慢,原罪最終要?dú)У羧祟悾系蹍s愛惜自己的造物,有他的救贖計(jì)劃,那就是,向人類賜下自己的愛子耶穌,讓他被釘十字架,受死為人贖罪,最終讓人類回心轉(zhuǎn)意,重新與上帝和好,重返伊甸園。
簡(jiǎn)單來說,撒旦要利用原罪來毀掉人類,而上帝卻賜下基督來拯救人類重返天堂。如果不明白這一點(diǎn),整本《圣經(jīng)》就沒有一點(diǎn)意義。
這幅畫中,其實(shí)還有兩個(gè)角色沒有講,一個(gè)是死亡與原罪也行亂倫之事,生下了限制原罪的狗(這意味著原罪也不是無遠(yuǎn)弗屆的)。另一個(gè)是,撒旦來到地獄的時(shí)候,碰上了混沌—代表沒有秩序的世界,混沌幫助了撒旦,因?yàn)槿龅┫蚱涑兄Z,如果撒旦最終勝過上帝,那么將向混沌返還被上帝拿走的世界。從這里我們知道,在彌爾頓看來,世界本是混沌,上帝是從混沌中建立天堂秩序的。簡(jiǎn)單來說,混沌就是瞎搞,所以我們常常看到有“混世魔王“的出現(xiàn)。但是,從上帝可以從混沌中建立天堂,我們可以看出,屬天的路是存在的,世界不可能永遠(yuǎn)在迷霧中。
上帝和撒旦的斗爭(zhēng)還在進(jìn)行。那些勝過撒旦的人將被揀選進(jìn)入天堂,那些被撒旦勝過的人,也將被撒旦選入進(jìn)入地獄。
我們進(jìn)一步分析可以看到,上帝開啟人類救贖的路和撒旦引誘人類的墮落之路,其實(shí)都并存于人的心理層面中。我們經(jīng)常聽到一句話,那就是“屬靈的征戰(zhàn)“,重返伊甸園的路不是一帆風(fēng)順的,是一場(chǎng)征戰(zhàn),有些人贏了,有些人一敗涂地。
彌爾頓看似改寫、仿寫了《圣經(jīng)》故事,實(shí)際上,他是按照自己對(duì)于《圣經(jīng)》的理解,進(jìn)一步用象征、隱喻等手法,詮釋了《圣經(jīng)》的核心內(nèi)容。
下面這段英文供大家進(jìn)一步的思考。
While sitting on his throne, God sees Satan flying towards Paradise and foretells man’s fall and Satan’s success in deceiving Eve. Upon hearing this prediction, God’s Son asks an important question: How will justice be preserved if God shows mercy to man for disobeying? Here, God explains that to preserve justice, payment of the death penalty must be made on man’s behalf. Without the payment of a death, justice will “die.” God’s response reveals that all sins must be paid for, in one form or another, or justice ceases to exist.
Upon reaching hell, Satan finds Sin and Death guarding the gates. Unbeknownst to Satan, both Sin and Death are his progeny. Here, Sin explains to Satan that while Satan was still an angel, Sin sprang from his head. Sin in turn gave birth to a son, Death, who was conceived when Satan incestuously raped Sin. The relationship between Satan, Sin, and Death is an allegory tying together the ideas of disobedience, sin, and death: Disobedience results in sin, and sin results in death.
(William Hogarth 作)
The narrator uses rich, sensory language to describe Eve’s act of disobedience. The moment Eve eats the fruit, she abandons reason entirely and indulges in gluttony. Eve eats the fruit “without restraint,” and her experience resembles intoxication, as if from drinking wine. Such a description presents sin as a rash, sensual act rather than a restrained and rational one. Sin originates from man’s lower impulses rather than the rational mind.
The narrator explains how, after Satan’s triumph, Sin and Death open the gates to hell and excitedly commence their task of building a bridge from hell to earth. When Sin and Death meet Satan at the gates of Paradise to congratulate him on his victory, he urges them to rush to and conquer Earth. This explains how Sin and Death came to roam the earth, corrupting all living things and perverting the thoughts and deeds of humankind. Sin and death constitute the connection between hell and earth.
Before the angel Michael comes to lead Adam and Eve out of Paradise, Michael continues to relate the future of humankind to Adam. Adam, upset at the havoc sin and death cause across Earth, feels comforted by Michael’s words. Michael explains how the incarnation of God on earth in the form of the Son and his death, resurrection, and ascension back to heaven ultimately annuls all people’s sentence to death. Metaphorically, man achieves everlasting life through the Son.
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